Patients with thoracolumbar spine osteoporosis have a high incidence of fractures, which can be caused by accidental falls during daily activities such as walking on level ground, especially in the elderly population. However, many people fail to detect this condition in a timely manner, probably due to the fact that vertebral fractures are mild and mostly stable compression fractures, and thus go undiagnosed or underdiagnosed. Studies have shown that thoracolumbar osteoporosis is associated with ethnicity, age, gender, weight and body mass index, female menopause, childbirth and breastfeeding, nutrition, lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, exercise, diet), genetic factors, immune factors, etc. Diagnostic tools include X-ray, quantitative CT, MRI, quantitative ultrasound, methylene diphosphonate bone imaging, etc. Treatment methods include conservative and surgical treatment. For patients with non-fracture or mild to moderate thoracolumbar osteoporotic fracture, estrogenic drugs, estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), calcitonin and bisphosphonates can be taken to combat osteoporosis, and analgesia and bracing can be applied when necessary. This will not only strengthen the stability of the spine, but also avoid the discomfort and osteoporosis caused by long-term cast or brace fixation. For more severe fractures, surgery is generally required in addition to adjunctive medication to prevent secondary spinal nerve injury. The most popular procedures include thoracolumbar internal fixation system, vertebroplasty (PVP) and balloon-expandable kyphoplasty (PKP).