I. Intrinsic defects in red blood cells
Hereditary
1, cell membrane abnormalities: hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, etc.
2. Erythrocyte enzyme abnormalities.
(1) deficiency of enzymes in erythrocyte sugar anaerobic enzymes: pyruvate kinase deficiency, etc.
(2) Deficiency of enzymes in the erythrocyte phosphate bypass: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, etc.
3. Abnormalities of the peptide chain in hemoglobin.
(1) Abnormal peptide chain structure (hemoglobinopathy): sickle cell anemia, pure state of hemoglobin C, D, E, etc., unstable hemoglobin, etc.
(2) Abnormalities in the amount of peptide chains: thalassemia (thalassemia)
Acquired
Paroxysmal sleep hemoglobinuria
II. Extrinsic factors of red blood cells
1. Immunological
Autoimmune
(1) Warm antibody type.
(2) Cold antibody type
2.Mechanical
(1) Cardiac traumatic.
(2), microangiopathic
(3), marching hemoglobinuria
3.Chemical, physical and biological factors
Chemical poisons and drugs: benzene, phenylhydrazine, lead, arsenic hydroxide, sulfonamides, etc.
Large area burns
Infections: malaria, P. aeruginosa, Streptococcus haemolyticus, etc.
Biotoxins: hemolytic snake venom, poisonous mushroom poisoning, etc.