I. Follow-up after CKC or LEEP If AIS or microinfiltrates are found after CKC or LEEP, follow-up management needs to refer to the status of the incision margin and the patient’s fertility requirements. If the margins are negative and the patient has fertility requirements, cytology/pap smear should be repeated every 6 months after surgery until the patient undergoes hysterectomy, and the patient should be referred to a gynecologic oncology specialist and have the uterus removed after completion of fertility. If the margins are negative and the patient does not require fertility, hysterectomy is strongly recommended. If the margins are positive and the patient has fertility requirements, a repeat conization may be performed and these patients are recommended to be referred to a specialist and hysterectomy is strongly recommended after completion of childbirth. If the margins are positive and the patient does not require fertility, hysterectomy is performed directly and a preoperative CKC is required to exclude infiltrative tumors. The main reason why patients with AIS are strongly urged to undergo hysterectomy after completion of childbirth is that the cervical, conization is very limited for AIS and the incidence of residual AIS after conization is up to 30%. B. Treatment after endometrial biopsy 1. When no abnormality is found on biopsy, vaginal ultrasound is feasible to evaluate the endometrial thickness if the source of AGC cannot be explained. 2. If the endometrial biopsy result is hyperplasia, scraping or hormone therapy can be considered. 3.If the endometrial biopsy results in atypical hyperplasia, diagnostic scraping may be considered or the patient may be advised to visit a gynecologic oncology specialist. 4.If endothelial biopsy reveals infiltrative tumor, it can be treated according to the corresponding NCCN guidelines. 5. When the endometrial biopsy specimen is unsatisfactory, diagnostic scraping may be considered. For postmenopausal women, vaginal ultrasound may be considered to evaluate the endometrial thickness if the source of AGC cannot be explained. III. 2001 Bethesda System 1. Specimen type A description of the specimen term conventional smear (e.g., Pap smear), liquid-based cytology specimen, or other specimen is required. 2. specimen quality Describe satisfaction with the quality of the specimen (state whether cervical transformation zones and other indicators such as blood staining, inflammation, etc. are observed) Describe dissatisfaction with the quality of the specimen (need to state reasons) Specimen cannot be processed (state specific reasons); specimen can be processed but cannot be evaluated for abnormal state of epithelial cells (state specific reasons); 3. results and interpretation of results ① no epithelial lesions found (if no If no neoplastic lesions are found, this result needs to be stated in the results section of the cytology report form and the presence or absence of microorganisms and other non-neoplastic changes is indicated); ② Abnormal epithelial cells are found; IV. Colposcopy during pregnancy Pregnant women are treated in the same way as the general female population, except for the following: 1. When a pregnant woman is seen, she needs to be referred to a colposcopist who has experience in dealing with pregnant women. 2. ECC is prohibited. 3. Any grade of CIN can be deferred until after delivery. 4. Colposcopy can be postponed until 6 weeks after delivery if the cytology result is LSIL or ASC-US. For cytologic findings of ASC-H, HSIL, AGC and AIS, colposcopy should be performed at least during pregnancy. 5. Colposcopy and cervical biopsy should be performed directly only when there is a high suspicion of highly neoplastic or invasive tumors. 6. It is safe to use a brush tool to obtain cytology specimens during pregnancy. V. HPV vaccine The vaccine can make the vaccine recipients immune to four types of HPV: type 6, 11 (mainly causing cervical and vaginal tumors) and type 16 and 18 (mainly causing genital warts). Three years after vaccination, the vaccine is 99% effective in preventing CIN 2 and CIN 3 caused by HPV type 16 or 18 infection in women without previous HPV type 16 or 18 infection, but only 44% effective in women with existing infection. 40% of CIN 2 lesions will regress spontaneously within 2 years, but if CIN 2 is accompanied by HPV 16 infection, it is less likely that the lesions will regress. However, if CIN 2 is accompanied by HPV16 infection, regression is less likely to occur. In 2010, researchers reported that the use of quadrivalent vaccine reduced the incidence of abnormal Pap smear results, colposcopy and cervical biopsy results. There is evidence to support the safety of quadrivalent vaccine, with reported adverse effects including syncope and venous thrombosis. We need to be aware that it is still unclear how long the immunizing effect of the vaccine lasts in humans; available data suggest that the quadrivalent vaccine is effective for 5 to 9.5 years. There are currently two FDA-approved HPV vaccines: the quadrivalent vaccine (for HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18) and the bivalent vaccine (for HPV types 16 and 18). The former is for women aged 9 to 26 years, and the latter is for women aged 10 to 25 years. Vaccination before a woman begins sexual intercourse is the most effective form of prevention. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), ACOG, the American cancer society (ACS) and the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists (SGO) all recommend the vaccine for women. Oncologists) all recommend that women be vaccinated as early as 11 to 12 years of age. It is important to note that both vaccines are preventive only, not curative. Although both vaccines provide immunity to HPV types 16 and 18, which are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers, other subtypes of HPV can still cause cervical cancer in vaccinees, so vaccination is not a substitute for cervical cancer screening and vaccinees are still screened in the same way as unvaccinated patients. In addition, it should be emphasized that HPV testing is not necessary prior to vaccination for those who are suitable for vaccination.