Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine, giving the entire spine an “S” or “C” shape. Patients appear to have a lateral tilt of the trunk. At the same time, scoliosis is not just a curvature, but is often accompanied by twisting and rotation of the spine. Scoliosis can occur in children or adults, and the cause may be different. Scoliosis does not necessarily produce pain, but it can cause abnormal posture, affect walking or overall quality of life. Severe scoliosis can also reduce cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity. Causes of scoliosis in children and adolescents: 80% have no known cause and are called “idiopathic”. Other causes include congenital malformations, certain genetic syndromes (e.g., Marfan syndrome), neuromuscular abnormalities (cerebral palsy, spina bifida, spinal cord cavity, muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, paravertebral muscular atrophy, etc.), neurofibromatosis, tumors, tuberculosis, secondary (e.g., unequal lower extremities, pelvic tilt, etc.), postural, etc. Etiology of scoliosis in adults: most commonly degenerative. Other factors are metabolic bone diseases (e.g., osteoporosis). Warning signs of scoliosis: unequal shoulders, head not in a median position over the trunk, bilateral hip asymmetry, thoracic asymmetry, skin abnormalities on the surface of the spine (e.g., a patch of hair, abnormal color, etc.), tilt of the trunk, etc. Issues of concern at the time of consultation: age, scoliosis at initial detection, perinatal conditions, family history, presence of pain, condition of both lower extremities, and urinary and fecal conditions. Typology of idiopathic scoliosis: infantile (0-3 years old), pediatric (3-9 years old), and adolescent (10-18 years old). Treatment of idiopathic scoliosis includes observation, bracing, physical therapy and surgery. 1.Observation: bending angle below 20o, film every 6 months until skeletal maturity. 2, Brace: bending between 25o-45o, to prevent further aggravation of the bending. Review every 6 months and wear the brace for 20-24 hours a day until the bone is mature. 3, physical therapy: functional exercise, electrical stimulation therapy, etc. 4, surgical treatment: spinal fusion, growth rods, VEPTR, etc. Their selection depends on the patient’s age, skeletal development, angle of scoliosis, location of scoliosis, progression of scoliosis, gender, menstrual status, whether it is painful, and whether there is respiratory impairment.