Kidney stones are caused by an imbalance in the balance of colloid and crystal metabolism in the body and are associated with infection, nutritional and metabolic disorders, urinary foreign bodies, urinary depression, and geographic and climatic factors. Men are more susceptible to this disease than women. People over 30 years of age are more likely to develop this disease than young people. It is relatively rare for children to develop this disease. Depending on the composition of the stones, kidney stones can be divided into six categories most stones: calcium oxalate stones, calcium phosphate stones uric acid (urate), stones ammonium magnesium phosphate, stones cystine stones and purine stones. The characteristics of various stones are as follows: (1) calcium oxalate stones account for 80% to 84% of the stones are often yellowish brown or stone-copper colored surface smooth (calcium oxalate monohydrate) rough (calcium oxalate dihydrate) male onset is more common with a family history of urinary sediment often with calcium oxalate crystals clearly visible on x-ray films. (2) calcium phosphate stones: 6% to 9% of the stones are white, rough surface, often antler-shaped, hard texture, often formed in alkaline urine, young and middle-aged men are more common with a family history, clearly visible on x-ray. (3) uric acid (urate) stones: 6-10% of the stones are smooth surface is often antler-shaped yellow or brown texture hard in the x-ray blurred or can not appear in men, especially gout patients are more common usually have a family history of uric acid crystals can be seen in the urine sediment. (4) magnesium ammonium phosphate stones: accounting for 6-9% of the stones yellow or dirty gray dendritic or antler-shaped stones soft texture to women are more common in patients with urinary tract infections can not be seen through the x-ray urine sediment magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals. (5) Cystine stones: less than 2% of the stones are yellow or white with a smooth, round surface that does not easily pass x-ray, often formed in acidic urine, and cystine crystals can be seen in the urine sediment. (6) Xanthine stones: these stones are rarely seen as white or yellowish brown in color and are very brittle and cannot pass x-rays, usually formed in acidic urine.