Kidney stones are a common disease in urology, accounting for almost one-third of hospitalized patients. The clinical manifestations of kidney stones are diverse, and the most common symptoms are back pain and hematuria. When a kidney stone patient comes to the hospital, the doctor will arrange the appropriate tests according to the patient’s medical history, symptoms and signs, and generally choose urological ultrasound and urinary fractionation first. Urological ultrasound has the advantages of being easy, fast, economical and non-invasive, and can detect kidney stones of 2mm or more, which appear on ultrasound as strong echogenic clusters with acoustic shadowing in the renal collecting system, with or without dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces (hydronephrosis). It is difficult to diagnose whether the kidney is calcified or a stone. The two most basic examinations can mostly reveal the presence of stones, their location, number, size and shape, whether they are combined with pyel effusion, or whether they are combined with urinary tract infection. Usually, kidney stones with diameter less than 0.3cm, no fluid, no urinary obstruction and no symptoms are clinically called “meaningless stones”, so patients do not necessarily need to have them removed, and they should be checked by ultrasound or X-ray once every 6-12 months and observed for one or two years. Drink more water and exercise to help the stones excrete naturally, which is the best way. ESWL can be the first choice for kidney stones with a diameter of 0.7-2.0 cm and without hydronephrosis or infection. All kinds of kidney stones can be treated by PCNL, especially those with a diameter >2.0 cm, which is the preferred treatment measure.