1. What is the gallbladder? Where does the bile come from? What is its function?
A: The gallbladder is a pear-shaped bag-like structure attached to the underside of the liver and open to the extrahepatic bile ducts, and is called the gallbladder because it stores part of the bile from the liver. Bile is produced by liver cells and discharged into the intestine through the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts to help digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
2. How are gallstones formed?
A: There are many things in bile that are normally in a dissolved state, just like sugar or table salt dissolved in water. If the concentration is too high, some of them will form crystals, which then grow further and become clumps, staying or blocking in the biliary system, affecting the flow of bile, and stones are formed. Due to the different composition of gallstones, the formation site and growth time, their appearance and structure are also varied, large like eggs, small like mud and sand, beautiful like colored beads.
3. What are the dangers of gallstones? What are the dangers of gallbladder stones?
A: In addition to gallstones causing biliary colic, hidden pain and indigestion, the greater danger is bile duct obstruction causing jaundice, bile duct suppuration, pancreatic inflammation and even death. Long-term irritation of the bile duct wall or gallbladder wall by gallstones can cause cancer. Patients with gallbladder stones all have chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, and long-term irritation causes the gallbladder to lose its contractile function, and a small percentage can become cancerous. If the stone is blocked in the jugular abdomen or the cystic duct, it can cause right upper abdominal biliary colic.
If changing position or medication cannot make the stone leave the obstruction site, high pressure will be generated in the gallbladder, and the blood supply to the gallbladder wall will be reduced or stopped, so bacteria can easily enter and produce a lot of toxins, causing necrosis of the gallbladder wall or even perforation; some small stones or bile sludge can be discharged by the gallbladder to the common bile duct, causing jaundice and purulent cholangitis. ;
Some stones are in the lower end of the common bile duct for a long time to stimulate the narrowing of the lower end, so that this special structure like a door is destroyed, and that will be a lifelong sequelae. So with gallbladder stones should be treated early, do not have a fluke mentality.
4. How does biliary colic occur? Is it unnecessary to treat the pain after it disappears?
A: When stones are blocked in the gallbladder duct or bile duct, the body will naturally produce a series of reactions to overcome it, such as gallbladder spasm or contraction of the lower sphincter of the common bile duct, which will produce severe pain if the stones cannot be discharged with great effort. If the pain disappears as a result of the total discharge of the stone, then no treatment is needed, but this rarely happens. The majority of cases are due to the stone temporarily leaving the site of blockage, and under certain conditions, such as eating greasy food, fatigue, drinking alcohol, etc., it can come back again. Therefore, as long as the stone exists, it should be removed firmly.
5.Why do gallstones cause yellow eyes, chills and fever?
A; Bile is produced by the liver and enters the intestine through the bile duct. The bile duct is like a tree, the intrahepatic bile duct is like a branch and the common bile duct is like a trunk. If there is an obstruction in the trunk, the bile produced by the liver cannot be discharged and flows backwards into the bloodstream, where the bilirubin in the bile settles in the eyes and skin, manifesting as yellow sclera and skin staining, which is called jaundice. With stones in the bile duct causing poor bile flow, intestinal bacteria will easily enter and multiply, producing toxins, and the body will react with chills and fever.
6. Is it necessary to treat gallstones?
A: Strictly speaking, as long as there are stones, they should be treated because there should not be stones in the normal biliary system, and some people say that gallstones do not need to be treated if there are no symptoms. Because gallstones will certainly cause different degrees of harm to the human body, some harm in the early stage, no obvious performance, and some have developed to the point where treatment is necessary, medical practice has proved that the earlier any disease is treated, the better.
7. Is it necessary to treat the gallbladder polyp?
A: There are three types of gallbladder polyps. Cholesterol polyps are multiple, generally less than 3mm in diameter, not cancerous, so there is no need to treat; inflammatory polyps are multifocal mucosal hyperplasia on the background of gallbladder inflammation, although rarely cancerous, but if the gallbladder inflammation for a long time, affecting the quality of life, it is better to remove; the third is the real polyps, generally single, varying in size, more than 10mm prone to cancer, should be particularly vigilant.
The following cases should be operated promptly.
(1) Older patients ;
(2) Single polyps or few polyps with diameter greater than 8mm;
(3) Recent ultrasound examination reveals significant polyp growth.
(4) Recent occult pain or pain in the gallbladder area.
In fact, it is incomplete and even wrong to decide whether to operate based on the size of polyps. Polyps do not tell you when they will change, and once clinical symptoms or ultrasound suggests cancer, it is often too late, and lessons in this regard are not uncommon. Happily, with the improvement of people’s economic and cultural level and the enhancement of disease prevention awareness, especially the emergence of laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery, the incidence of gallbladder polyp cancer has been significantly reduced.
8. What lesions can the gallbladder produce?
A: Gallbladder is a disease-prone structure with cholecystitis, gallbladder stones, gallbladder polyps, gallbladder cancer and some rare lesions. There is a layer of mucous membrane inside the gallbladder, which is a tissue prone to pathological changes, not only related to stone formation, but also can undergo some changes of its own, such as polyps, adenomyosis, tumors, etc.
9.Who are prone to gallbladder stones?
A: A large number of epidemiological surveys have been done at home and abroad, and the following groups of people are found to be prone to gallbladder stones.
1) Female patients;
2) Those who are over 40 years old;
3) Obese people;
4) People with gallbladder stones in their family or those who have had gallbladder stones before;
5) High fat diet;
6) Those with liver disease;
7) Breakfast fasters;
8) Oral contraceptive pill users;
9) Those who have had previous gastrointestinal surgery.
The occurrence of gallbladder stones may be related to dietary habits, genetic factors, endocrine factors, and liver disease.
10. What if there are no stones in chronic inflammation of the gallbladder?
A: There are two types of chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, one with stones and one without stones, called non-stone gallbladder inflammation, which may be related to allergic reactions or microbial infections, or may be part of hepatitis. The main clinical manifestations are upper abdominal fullness and vague pain, and the symptoms are aggravated by eating fatty food, some of which can be more severe and occur frequently, affecting daily life. Despite the absence of stones, the only solution to this problem is surgical removal of the gallbladder, due to the ineffectiveness of drug therapy and the irreversible chronic inflammatory process of the gallbladder wall.
11. What are the methods of treatment for gallbladder stones?
A: There are two major types of treatment methods: one is the treatment methods to preserve the gallbladder, such as herbal lithotripsy, Chinese and Western medicine lithotripsy, shock wave lithotripsy and lithotripsy; the other is the methods to remove the gallbladder, such as cesarean cholecystectomy, small incision cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The purpose of the first type of methods is to retain the gallbladder, but the disadvantage is that the treatment effect is too poor, and easy to re-grow stones, has been basically abandoned by the medical fee; the second type of methods although there is a certain trauma, but the treatment effect is reliable, no stone recurrence of disadvantages.
12.What is the best method to treat gallbladder stones?
A: An ideal treatment method should have the following conditions.
(1) No damage to the body.
(2) Preservation of gallbladder function.
(3) Reliable results.
(4) No recurrence of stones. However, there is no treatment method with the above conditions so far. At present, medical experts are more recognized is laparoscopic cholecystectomy, because preserving the gallbladder means inevitable recurrence, without solving this problem, only this method is close to the above conditions, it is very little damage to the human body, the treatment effect is nearly 100%, and it is impossible for gallbladder stones to recur.
13. What is the effect on human body after gallbladder removal?
A: First of all, let us understand what is the role of gallbladder. During feeding, bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder; after feeding, bile is discharged from the gallbladder to the intestine. General carnivores and intermittent feeders mostly have gallbladders, while some herbivores are born without gallbladders, such as horses, elephants, kangaroos, deer, etc. Therefore, from an evolutionary point of view, gallbladders are not indispensable.
Secondly, in the more than 100 years of clinical practice since the world’s first cholecystectomy in 1882, it has not been proven that gallbladder removal has much impact on health, except when humans can live up to 200 years old.
After cholecystectomy, only a few patients have a change in stool habit for a period of time after surgery, but it can be restored to normal within 1-3 months by adjusting diet and proper regulation of intestinal function; finally, we remove the gallbladder that has lesions and may cause many serious complications, which results in curing the disease, improving the patient’s nutrition, and improving the quality of life, and the comprehensive effect evaluation is more beneficial than harmful.
14. What do I need to pay attention to in my diet after gallbladder removal?
A: In the near future after surgery, you should eat low-fat and easily digestible food. As the gastrointestinal function recovers, you can gradually release the restriction later, and you can eat anything as long as you want. There is a wrong view that after gallbladder removal, you cannot eat fatty or high-protein food, which has no scientific basis. However, if you have other problems and need to adjust the structure of your diet, then the original plan does not need to be changed.
After gallbladder removal, the function of the gastrointestinal tract is temporarily affected to some extent. Together with the temporary disorder of the original dependence of the biliary-intestinal circulation, there is a process of adaptation to the diet. This process varies from person to person generally recovering within a few months, as fast as a few days. Usually the guiding principles are: less first, more second, soft first, hard second, vegetarian first, meat second, small amount and many meals. In a most practical phrase, as long as you feel comfortable, don’t be too dogmatic.
15. What is the cause of diarrhea for a period of time after gallbladder removal surgery?
A: Although some patients have heavy clinical symptoms, the gallbladder function is not completely lost, and there is still some regulation of the flow of bile. After gallbladder removal, bile flows directly into the intestine during the inter-digestive period, causing intestinal peristalsis to accelerate, resulting in an increase in the number of stools.
16.Why do I still feel pain in the upper abdomen after gallbladder removal?
A: Most of the symptoms will disappear after gallbladder removal, but some patients still have symptoms. This is because the causes of upper abdominal pain or other symptoms, besides gallbladder stones, are chronic gastritis, bile reflux, chronic pancreatitis, colonic hepatic flexure syndrome, etc. These pathological states can co-exist with gallbladder stones, so the original symptoms can persist after gallbladder removal. If you encounter this situation, you need to make further examination and do not just think about the gallbladder problem to avoid misdiagnosis.
17. A one-centimeter stone was found in my gallbladder, can I take Chinese medicine to expel it?
A: The idea is good, but in reality it is impossible because two major conditions must be met for the stone to be expelled from the gallbladder: firstly, the gallbladder has a good contraction function, and secondly, the outside diameter of the stone is smaller than the cystic duct and common bile duct. Under normal circumstances, the internal diameter of the gallbladder duct is only 2~3mm and the internal diameter of the common bile duct is 6mm, plus the gallbladder function of gallbladder stone patients is often poor, so it is very difficult to expel the stones. Your stone is 10mm, which is 3 times bigger than the gallbladder duct, so don’t make stone removal treatment, otherwise it is a waste of money.
18. What kind of stones can be dissolved by medication?
A: Indeed, there are very few gallbladder stones that can be dissolved by taking medicine, but the conditions are very high. Requirements.
(1) The gallbladder function is basically normal;
(2) The stones are purely cholesterol-based;
(3) The stones should not be larger than 10 mm;
(4) Adherence to the medication for 1~2 years. Even so, only 8-10% of stones can be completely dissolved. However, as soon as you stop taking the medication, the stones will come back, so it is not a cure for the symptoms.
19.There is a method to break up the stones and then drain them out. Is this method reliable?
A: Logically speaking, breaking up the stones is good for discharging them, which is the purpose of inventing the shock wave lithotripter. However, medical experts at home and abroad have treated millions of cases with very unsatisfactory results. Firstly, gallbladder stones are not easy to be broken, and the efficacy of lithotripsy for stones larger than 15mm is very low; secondly, even if stones are broken, most of them are still not small enough to be discharged;
Furthermore, the clinical standard for effective gallbladder stone treatment is to eliminate all stones, as long as one stone is left, it cannot be considered a successful treatment; finally, the lithotripsy process and the stone expulsion process can cause complications. This method was prevalent in the late 1980s and has now been eliminated.
20. Can a small hole be made in the abdominal wall to remove the stone?
A: Yes. This method is called percutaneous cholecystectomy, and there are two methods: one is to puncture the gallbladder under ultrasound guidance, then gradually cut the abdominal wall, put in a one-centimeter outer diameter tube, and then remove the stone through the tube; the other method is to cut 1~2 centimeters directly on the abdominal wall, then separate into the abdominal cavity, find the gallbladder, and then cut a small opening at the bottom of the gallbladder to remove the stone. The advantage of this method is that the results are more certain and there are no special requirements for the size, number and composition of the stones.
The disadvantage of this method is the damage to the abdominal wall, the possibility of contamination of the abdominal cavity, the possibility of residual stones in some patients, and the high recurrence rate of stones. Since the availability of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, this method has been used less and less. However, for older patients with a small number of stones, it is still a possible option.
21. What is laparoscopic cholecystectomy all about?
A: Cesarean cholecystectomy is performed by cutting open the abdominal wall and then operating directly under the naked eye. The incision is usually 15-20 cm, and the surgeon enters the abdominal cavity with instruments in hand to perform various operations. In contrast, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, as the name implies, the doctor does not observe the abdominal cavity with the naked eye, but transfers the image to the TV screen through a 1cm thick laparoscope to watch the TV surgery, so that the doctor just has to make 3~4 small holes (usually in 0.5-1cm) in the abdominal wall, insert special instruments, cut the gallbladder down completely, and then remove it from the small holes in the abdominal wall.
Therefore, this operation is also called TV laparoscopic surgery, commonly known as “small-hole cholecystectomy”.
22. What are the advantages of laparoscopic surgery?
A: It has many advantages, summarized as follows.
(1) small incision, light injury, fast recovery after surgery, generally the same day can get out of bed, the next day can eat, 1 ~ 3 days can be discharged, 7 days can resume daily activities;
(2) The intraoperative field of vision is clear, and other organs can be observed at the same time;
(3) The operator’s hands do not enter the abdominal cavity, so there is less interference with other organs;
(4) No obvious scars after surgery, which does not affect the appearance;
(5) Last but not least, since the gallbladder is removed, such stones will not recur.
23. What if there are gallbladder and bile duct stones at the same time?
A: In terms of risk, bile duct stones are more important than gallbladder stones and are the main focus of treatment, usually a caesarean bile duct exploration is considered and the gallbladder is removed by the way. However, for some patients with better conditions, if the bile duct stones are single or few, it is estimated that the stones are not embedded and can be removed by choledochoscopy, then the two problems can be solved simultaneously under laparoscopy; also, the bile duct stones can be removed by first incising the duodenal papillary sphincter through duodenoscopy, and then the gallbladder can be removed by laparoscopy.
24.Stones have been detected by ultrasound for many years, but only symptoms such as vague pain in the upper abdomen, abdominal distension and indigestion are related to stones?
A: There are three possibilities: first, it is caused by gastrointestinal lesions or pancreatitis lesions; second, it is caused by gallstones; third, both conditions exist at the same time. It is especially worth emphasizing that the presence or absence of biliary colic alone should not be used to determine whether the stones are causing symptoms. The clinical symptoms of gallbladder stones come from two sources: first, from stones obstructing the gallbladder duct, causing typical biliary colic; second, from chronic inflammation of the gallbladder wall, manifesting as symptoms similar to gastrointestinal discomfort. In fact, most patients with gallbladder stones have these atypical manifestations.
25. Will gallstones definitely recur after surgery?
A: For gallbladder stones, as long as the gallbladder is removed, there will be no recurrence, but if only the stones are removed and the gallbladder is left, recurrence is inevitable. For common bile duct stones, especially from the gallbladder, if the damage to the common bile duct is not serious or not long, recurrence can be avoided after treatment. However, most patients are not treated in time and wait until the common bile duct is significantly damaged before surgery, which makes them prone to recurrence.
For multiple stones in the liver, if the stones are removed together with part of the liver, the stones in this area will not recur, but if the stones are only removed, recurrence is inevitable. In short, as long as the growth site of stones is not removed, stones will recur.
26. Why do gallstones cause pancreatitis?
A: The pancreas is at the back of the stomach and its main role is to produce enzymes for digesting proteins, fats and starches, which are dissolved in pancreatic juice and discharged through the pancreatic duct to the intestines to digest food. In the very majority of cases, the bile ducts and pancreatic ducts converge before entering the intestine. If the opening is blocked, bile may flow back into the pancreas, activating the digestive enzymes in the pancreatic fluid and causing the pancreas to “self-digest”, thus causing pancreatitis, which is called cholestatic pancreatitis.
27. What are the causes of pancreatitis? Can it be prevented?
A: The most common cause of pancreatitis is the obstruction or stimulation of the common opening of the bile duct and pancreatic duct by gallstones. Therefore, on the one hand, we should pay attention to the regularity of life, not to drink alcohol, not to overeat, and more importantly, we should treat gallstones in time. It is worth pointing out that if you have multiple gallbladder stones, you should not casually carry out stone removal treatment.
28. Is pancreatitis dangerous?
A: Pancreatitis can be divided into edematous pancreatitis and hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis, the latter is very dangerous and has a very high clinical mortality rate. Hemorrhagic necrosis of the pancreas can cause extensive damage, in addition to direct damage to surrounding organs, it can also cause changes in the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys and other major organs, which can lead to systemic failure and death if not effectively controlled in time.
29. Can gallstones affect the heart?
A: Although the gallbladder and the heart are located far apart, the human being is a whole body, so it can be said that “the whole body is involved”, because the gallbladder and the heart are innervated by the same nerves, sometimes the high pressure or severe pain in the gallbladder can cause the heart vasoconstriction through the nerve reflex, reducing the heart blood supply and causing changes in heart rhythm. If the patient already has heart problems, such as coronary heart disease, then it may trigger or aggravate the heart disease, which is clinically called “biliary heart syndrome”.
If this is the case, for safety reasons, the gallbladder stones should be treated as early as possible when the patient is not too old and still in good health.
30. Can laparoscopic cholecystectomy be performed for heart disease?
A: With the improvement of the level of anesthesia and the reduction of surgical trauma, in most cases, even with heart problems, gallbladder removal is still possible. However, patients with significant cardiac failure or hemodynamically compromised heart rhythm disturbances should be performed after these problems have improved. The advent of laparoscopy has made gallbladder removal safer in patients with heart disease.
31. Is laparoscopic cholecystectomy safe for diabetic patients?
A: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed safely in almost all diabetic patients as long as the complications caused by diabetes are properly controlled. The biggest concern in the past was incisional infection. Since laparoscopic cholecystectomy uses only 3 to 4 small holes, this problem can be avoided.
32. Can laparoscopic cholecystectomy be performed in hypertensive patients?
A: Hypertension can be mild or severe. If there are no serious heart, kidney or cerebrovascular complications, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe as long as the blood pressure is controlled at a slightly higher than normal level. In fact the trauma of the laparoscopic surgery itself is minimal and as long as the other organs can withstand the effects of anesthesia, there is no problem at all.
33. Are there any contraindications to laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
A: Like other surgeries, laparoscopic cholecystectomy also has contraindications, such as severe cardiopulmonary disease, coagulation disorders, concomitant intra- and extra-hepatic bile duct stones, intra-biliary proliferative lesions suspected to be cancerous, recurrent acute attacks of chronic cholecystitis with hyperthermia, suspected extensive intra-abdominal adhesions, etc. But contraindications are relative. However, contraindications are relative, and with the improvement of technology, many contraindications have been broken through, such as. Atrophic cholecystitis, acute attacks of gangrenous cholecystitis, intra-abdominal adhesions with a history of previous abdominal surgery, and even internal fistulas formed between the gallbladder and the colon are all possible with laparoscopy.
34. Will I be able to work as normal after gallbladder removal?
A: You must establish the belief that since a diseased gallbladder has been cut away, it must be healthier than it was. It is very wrong that many patients who have the surgery will have the psychological idea that they are not as good as others. Remember this famous saying: As long as you think you are sick, you will be sick, and as long as you think you are healthy, you will be healthier.
So as long as you get reasonable treatment, there is no need to worry about working. Of course, if you really feel discomfort somewhere, you can ask your physician to check again. Generally, there will always be mild discomfort, and you will recover after some time, so there is no need to have a psychological burden.
35.What should I do before laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
A: Just do some routine preoperative examination. If the operation is performed the next morning, only fasting after dinner on the same day is required, no intestinal preparation is needed, and no gastric tube is needed before the operation. No blood is usually prepared, which is very different from the traditional caesarean section.
36.What should I pay attention to after laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
A: 6-8 hours after surgery, you can get up to urinate and defecate by yourself or with the help of your family, do not rely on the potty, and the next day you should get out of bed, wash and eat liquid or soft and easily digestible food, without waiting for the anal vent to eat. There will be mild pain at the site of the puncture hole after the operation, which is usually tolerable, and if it is sensitive, painkillers can be used. In conclusion, striving for an early return to daily activities after surgery should forget the traditional practice, and early activity is beneficial for postoperative recovery.
37. Is it a recurrence of common bile duct stone found soon after gallbladder removal?
A: No! Recurrence refers to the re-growth of stones in the area where they were originally found. There are two possibilities for finding stones in the common bile duct: one is that the common bile duct already has primary stones, and the other is that the stones were drained from the gallbladder to the common bile duct before surgery. Because the lower end of the common bile duct is covered by the intestine, the ultrasound may not be able to see it clearly, so even if the diagnosis is missed, it is not the fault of the ultrasonographer or his technical skills. The good news is that the incidence of this is less than 1%. Therefore, the key is early detection and treatment.
38. What should be done if a common bile duct stone is found?
A: There are three ways: firstly, you can try Chinese medicine for stone removal under close observation; if it is not effective, then use fiberoptic duodenoscope to insert from the mouth to the duodenum at the opening of the common bile duct, make a partial incision, and then use a mesh basket to remove the stone; finally, if the above methods are not effective, then use caesarean biliary exploration to remove the stone. Most surgeons advocate direct surgical treatment because the first two methods are not only less reliable but also have a certain possibility of complications.
39. What should be done if both gallbladder stones and chronic gastritis are present?
A: Both diseases can have the same clinical manifestations. If there is typical biliary colic, of course, gallbladder removal is performed first and then gastritis is treated. If the symptoms are not typical, it makes one indecisive. The normal thinking is still to address the gallbladder problem first and then treat the gastritis. The cost of removing the stomach is much greater than removing the gallbladder, and it is difficult to establish the effect of long-term medication because the stomach medication is not effective on the gallbladder.
40.Does the weather affect the effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
A: Not at all. It is natural to think that incisional infections are prone to occur in hot weather, but this is not true for modern medicine. Modern aseptic conditions, the air-conditioned environment of the ward plus the fact that the laparoscopic cholecystectomy itself has a very small poke hole, make it extremely rare for infection to occur.
41. Is this method of laparoscopic cholecystectomy safe?
A: The safety of a medical technique is determined by many factors, such as the age of the patient, the functional status of the vital organs, the pathological changes of the gallbladder, the experience and technical level of the surgeon, and the management and equipment level of the hospital.
However, there is a learning and maturation process for the application of any new technology. In the early stage of carrying out this technology, intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, biliary tract injury and surrounding organ damage, etc., occur in a high proportion, but gradually decrease or even do not occur as the number of cases increases. Therefore . The key for patients is to understand and find a surgeon they fully trust and follow their advice to perform the surgery at the most suitable time.
42. What are the new directions of laparoscopic cholecystectomy at present?
A: Compared to traditional open cholecystectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is already a less invasive procedure, but surgeons are still working hard to find ways to achieve less trauma, faster recovery, and a more beautiful appearance.
There are two main new directions of development as follows.
(1) Mini-laparoscopic cholecystectomy: surgical operations are performed through mini-laparoscopic surgical instruments with small holes of only 3 mm and 5 mm in diameter in the abdominal wall, reducing the incision by 50% compared to ordinary laparoscopic cholecystectomy;
(2) Foreign body-free laparoscopic cholecystectomy: By tying and ligating the gallbladder duct with absorbable thread instead of using metal titanium clips to close the gallbladder duct in ordinary laparoscopy, no foreign body is left in the abdominal cavity and the adverse reaction of foreign body is reduced.
43. What are the advantages of mini-laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Which patients is it suitable for?
A: Compared with ordinary laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the surgical scar is almost invisible after mini-laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which has the advantages of smaller trauma, faster postoperative recovery and more beautiful appearance. It is especially suitable for young women with high cosmetic requirements and patients with mild gallbladder inflammation. The treatment is more effective for patients with gallbladder polyps and gallbladder stones without a history of acute or chronic inflammatory episodes.
44. Can laparoscopy be used for other procedures besides gallbladder?
A: It can be said with certainty that almost all abdominal surgeries can be accomplished by minimally invasive methods with the assistance of laparoscopy.
(1) Laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux;
(2) laparoscopic gastric volume control for obesity;
(3) laparoscopic abdominal wall and inguinal hernia repair;
(4) laparoscopic colorectal resection;
(5) laparoscopic splenectomy;
(6) Laparoscopic hysterectomy and adnexal hysterectomy;
(7) laparoscopic ultrasonic knife lower limb vein traffic branch dissection;
(8) laparoscopic appendectomy.
45. My father is old and has gallstones, can he be operated?
A: The incidence of emergency gallstone disease in the elderly has increased in recent years, with a hi