The eye is like a camera, the cornea, the lens is equivalent to a set of lenses of the camera; sclera is equivalent to the silver-white shell of the camera, which is lined with a layer of pigment film (mainly refers to the choroid) constitutes the inner wall of the darkroom; immediately adjacent to the inner wall is a very thin retina, which is equivalent to the film, the role of light-sensitive, it converts light signals into electrical signals through the optic nerve to the brain, so that we can feel objects. The camera is filled with gas in the dark room, the eye is filled with the majority of the gel-like vitreous, the vitreous in the lens, before the retina, if it is cloudy and opaque we will feel a dark shadow floating in front of our eyes. Any one or more of these structures, such as the choroid, retina, vitreous, and optic nerve, can become diseased and be called fundus disease. High prevalence of fundus disease and causes 1, degenerative changes, age increases the human body’s functions are declining, such as osteoporosis, memory loss, vascular sclerosis, the eye structures will also appear these aging phenomenon. Such as: clouding of the lens, vitreous clouding, arteriosclerosis of the fundus, retinal or choroidal atrophy, etc. 2, The elderly usually have other common diseases of the elderly such as rheumatism, hypertension, diabetes, etc. These diseases usually cause various diseases of the eye, including fundus disease. 3, certain psychological and physiological drastic changes are also important causes of fundus disease, such as: insomnia, emotional excitement can induce ischemic optic neuropathy, retinal vascular embolism, etc. Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy, referred to as glucose retinopathy, is a retinopathy caused by retinal vasculopathy due to long-term hyperglycemia. Glucose retinopathy often occurs in both eyes and its pathogenesis is characterized by early retinal microangioma formation with exudation, fine tip or flame hemorrhage and neovascularization, which eventually leads to the growth of neovascularization into the vitreous, forming proliferative cords and pulling the retina, causing retinal detachment. Age-related macular degeneration – age-related macular degeneration Macular degeneration is a multifactorial compound eye disease related to ageing. The older the age, the higher the prevalence. Hence the term age-related macular degeneration. The real cause of this disease is unknown, but it may be due to ischemia of the choroidal capillaries in the macula, rupture of the vitreous membrane degeneration, and decreased phagocytosis and digestion of the metabolites of the optic cells (outer segmental disc membrane) by the pigment epithelium, resulting in the deposition of residual disc membrane vesicles to form vitreous warts. In addition, choroidal neovascularization enters the subretina and exudation and hemorrhage occur. Clinically, it is divided into atrophic type (dry type) and exudative type (wet type), and the exudative type is also called age-related macular disc degeneration. This disease is one of the leading causes of blindness in the elderly. Retinal vein obstruction Retinal vein obstruction is a common eye disease in the elderly. Retinal vein hemorrhage caused by tortuous and dilated retinal veins can be seen in the fundus of the eye. There are many causes of retinal vein occlusion, including atherosclerosis and systemic diseases such as altered blood composition, such as increased whole blood viscosity, erythrocyte volume, plasma viscosity and fibrinogen. Retinal vein obstruction and vision: The visual impairment varies depending on the site of retinal hemorrhage. If the hemorrhage is in the upper or lower part, only darkening of the relative visual field occurs, if the hemorrhage is in the macula, the visual impairment is severe. Central retinal artery obstruction Central retinal artery obstruction is an ophthalmic emergency and one of the common eye diseases in the elderly. It is caused by vasospasm or the detachment of a redundant vessel wall to form an embolus that blocks the central retinal artery. Patients often present with sudden loss of vision and retinal ischemia in the fundus of the eye. According to statistics, more than 80% of patients have systemic diseases such as internal medicine or neurology, of which more than 50% have a history of hypertension, 25% have a history of diabetes, and 20% have ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis. Retinal artery is the terminal artery, once blockage occurs, it will produce severe retinal ischemia and hypoxia, affecting the metabolism of retinal tissue, seriously affecting visual function and even causing blindness. Research proves that the tolerance time of retina to temporary ischemia is 100 minutes, too long due to the destruction of biological enzyme system, retinal tissue cell necrosis, visual function will not be restored. To prevent central retinal artery blockage, we must first prevent and treat systemic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc. If there is sudden blurred vision or loss of vision, you should go to the hospital immediately for examination, do not take it lightly, and make every second count, otherwise it will delay the treatment time and cause irreversible vision loss. Ischemic optic neuropathy Ischemic optic neuropathy is caused by blockage or inadequate perfusion of one or several short posterior ciliary arteries, resulting in total or partial loss of blood supply to the optic nerve papillae and the optic nerve in front of and behind the scleral sieve plate. Prevention and treatment of fundus hemorrhage Fundus hemorrhage is a common disease in the elderly, so it is important to keep healthy, pay attention to the rhythm of life and develop good habits. Diabetic patients should have regular fundus examination while controlling blood sugar. Early diagnosis and early treatment are needed for fundus hemorrhage; early medication and, if necessary, laser treatment can be considered; massive hemorrhage with retinal anterior membrane and proliferative striae can be treated by vitrectomy.