Chronic diseases are a major enemy of human health and one of the leading causes of human mortality. From the onset and progression of chronic diseases to organ failure, about 35 million people die worldwide each year. In the 21st century, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a major threat to human health after cardiovascular diseases, tumors and diabetes. However, the awareness rate, diagnosis rate and treatment rate of CKD are still low. According to the preliminary results of the Chinese epidemiological survey, the prevalence of CKD among people over 18 years old in Beijing is 13.0%, and the total number of CKD patients can reach 1.43 million (more than 100 million CKD patients nationwide), but the awareness rate of these patients is only 7.9%. Some patients are already in end-stage renal disease when they are detected, and the opportunity for early treatment is lost. Therefore, actively controlling the occurrence and development of CKD has become one of the important public health tasks for governments, health departments and the whole society. I. What is CKDCKD refers to the lesion or injury of the kidney, such as various types of glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis (disease), renal vascular lesions, the duration of the disease > 3 months; or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60ml/(min ・1. 73m2 ), are called chronic kidney disease. CKD is divided into 5 stages according to GFR. Stage 1 has kidney damage but normal GFR (> 90ml/min); stage 2 has a mild decrease in GFR (60-89ml/min); stage 3 has a moderate decrease in GFR (30-59ml/nin); stage 4 has a severe decrease in GFR (15-29ml/min); stage 5 is renal failure (GFR < 15ml/min). min), ready for or requiring renal replacement therapy. The staging of chronic kidney disease is conducive to taking appropriate preventive and curative measures for patients, as well as for patients themselves to understand their own condition. For patients without previous kidney disease, but with risk factors for kidney damage, such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, gout or hyperuricemia, smoking and obesity, if the control of blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid indexes are not up to standard, and microalbuminuria or persistent proteinuria gradually appear, they will easily progress to CKD and chronic renal failure. renal failure. The long-term use of drugs that damage the kidneys (either Western or Chinese medicine) can also lead to CKD and chronic renal failure. Glomerulonephritis (such as IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, purpura nephritis, etc.), amyloid nephropathy, myelomeningocele nephropathy, vasculitis kidney damage, chronic pyelonephritis, hereditary polycystic kidney disease, or those who already have abnormal kidney function at the first visit, or those who fail to adhere to follow-up treatment, are more likely to develop chronic kidney failure. Most of the early stages of CKD chronic kidney disease have no conscious symptoms, so it is difficult to detect early without urine, blood and imaging examinations. Therefore, in order to achieve early prevention and treatment, early diagnosis must be achieved first. To raise the awareness of health checkups for all people and to increase government investment, routine urine examinations should be widely carried out, starting with primary and secondary school students, at least once a year, so that CKD can be clearly diagnosed in the early stage when there are no symptoms. For the elderly, it is recommended to have a comprehensive medical checkup once a year. For patients at high risk of kidney disease such as diabetes and hypertension, urinary routine or urinary albumin excretion rate should be tested regularly every 3-6 months, and renal function and renal imaging should be performed. Urine microalbumin test (urine albumin/creatinine) should be promoted and popularized, which is more sensitive than urine routine test and more convenient than urine protein excretion rate test, and can be used for early detection of diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive kidney damage and other renal lesions, and is one of the sensitive indicators for early diagnosis of kidney damage. For the evaluation of glomerular filtration function, it is recommended to apply formulas (such as MDRD formula, Cockcroff2Gault formula, etc.) to calculate GFR, or radionuclide method to determine GFR. we should strive to achieve early screening, regular examination, and improve the quality of census, standardize test methods and examination items. Patients with abnormalities in the examination or screening should be urged to visit the nephrology department of the hospital as soon as possible. The diagnostic requirements for kidney disease include the following: (i) assessment of kidney function, such as CKD staging; (ii) complications related to kidney disease staging, such as renal hypertension, renal anemia, renal bone disease, etc.; and (iii) comorbidities of kidney disease. For the diagnosis of kidney disease, kidney aspiration biopsy should be actively promoted so that patients can get a clear pathological diagnosis and facilitate physicians to take appropriate treatment plans and estimate the prognosis, so that patients can comply with medical advice and better cooperate with physicians' treatment. 4. How to improve the treatment rate of CKD Active treatment of all types and stages of kidney disease can significantly slow down its progression and postpone the time to end-stage renal disease, thus reducing the high cost of renal replacement therapy required. To achieve this goal, we need to start from many aspects. On the one hand, efforts should be made to raise the awareness of CKD prevention and treatment among the general public, and to increase the awareness rate, treatment rate and treatment compliance rate of the disease. Advocate the public to actively participate in health check-ups and regular urine routine and kidney function checks, so that patients can understand the development and prognosis of chronic kidney disease, and let them know how to cooperate with the physician's treatment plan, how to monitor the indicators of various laboratory tests, how to achieve better treatment results and bring the abnormal indicators up to standard, and when they need to prepare for renal replacement therapy. The general public's medical knowledge and general knowledge of disease prevention should be improved through various publicity methods and lectures, and patients should be taught to learn self-management. On the other hand, the level and basic knowledge of CKD prevention and treatment should be improved among the general medical staff. In particular, continuing education on knowledge related to kidney disease should be conducted for physicians in primary hospitals, general practitioners, community physicians, medical examiners, and physicians in major internal medicine, to learn how to manage patients with chronic kidney disease, how to prevent various risk factors that accelerate the progression of kidney disease, how to treat various complications, and how to improve the treatment and compliance rates. A long-term monitoring and follow-up system and system for CKD patients in community and primary hospitals should be established with the strong support and backing of health administration departments. As a "silent" disease, CKD can progress slowly and silently, with many complications and poor prognosis in the later stages of CKD, and a significant increase in medical costs. Therefore, it is important to improve the understanding of CKD, early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment to reduce and delay the occurrence and development of CKD.