What are hemangiomas?

Hemangioma is a common vascular disease involving almost all systems of the body, and its incidence is generally considered to be about 1%. It occurs mostly in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, followed by oral mucosa and muscles, and again in the liver, bones, spleen and nervous system, and occasionally in the digestive tract, kidney and other tissues. If the nature of hemangioma can be correctly judged and the correct indications can be chosen according to the type and stage, most of the hemangiomas can be effectively treated. However, in a few cases, because the lesions are too large and deep, or involve important organs and organs, serious complications or serious abnormalities in hemodynamics may occur, and conventional treatment is not only difficult to be effective, but also life-threatening. It is not only difficult to achieve results with conventional treatment, but also has the potential to be life-threatening. Haemangioma is a benign congenital tumor or vascular malformation, most often seen at birth or shortly after birth, which originates from residual embryonic angiogenic cells. Most of them occur in facial skin, subcutaneous tissues and oral mucosa, such as tongue, lips and floor of mouth, while a few occur in jaw bone or deep tissue. Most scholars believe that during human embryonic development, especially in the early vascular tissue differentiation stage, small misconfigurations in the control gene segment lead to abnormal tissue differentiation and development of hemangioma in specific parts of the body. Some of these cells differentiate into vascular-like tissue and eventually form hemangiomas. In the early embryonic stage, the primitive vasculature is a tubular substance consisting solely of endothelial cells, which form a dense network in the middle of the mesenchyme. Later, as the organs develop, the primitive vascular network gradually differentiates into many vascular and lymphatic plexuses associated with the organs. In the embryonic development of blood vessels, there are roughly 3 stages: plexiform stage, reticular stage and tubular trunk stage. If there is an obstacle or abnormality in the normal development process of a certain stage, malformation of the normal developmental form of that stage can appear; in the plexiform stage, some capillaries can produce capillary hemangioma if they stop developing; in the reticular stage, if the enlarged vessels gather into clusters and tend to fuse together, they can show spongy hemangioma. Microscopically, hemangiomas have various forms, but the basic structure is similar, that is, they all have well-developed vascular-like tissues, such as the outer layer, middle layer and endothelial epithelium, and the lumen diameter is from 1 to 10 mm, and there is connective tissue as the stroma between the vessels. 1.Capillary hemangioma: It has well-developed single layer of endothelial cells and a very small amount of connective tissue as stroma, and only a very small amount of blood cells in the lumen, which is a limited lobulated mass with clear boundary, slightly protruding from the skin surface, bright red in color and different sizes, and rarely turns white when pressed because of narrow lumen. 2.Cavernous hemangioma: It has well-developed blood vessels with wide lumen and filled with blood cells, the tumor is softer and protrudes from the skin surface, the boundary is not clear, it is purple-blue in color and has compressibility, the color turns white when compressed, the cavernous hemangioma is larger and thicker than capillary hemangioma, it often invades the subcutaneous tissue and has expansibility, it often invades the deep tissue in the neck. 3.Capillary-cavernous hemangioma (mixed type): it has the characteristics of the above two types of hemangiomas and is more common. Capillary hemangioma is often distributed on the surface of cavernous hemangioma.