Radical surgery of tumor means complete removal of the tumor, which usually includes the tumor and some of the tumor surrounding tissues, as well as the local lymph nodes. After radical surgery, the tumor is likely to achieve a curative effect, which is the best way and outcome of tumor treatment. If the tumor has spread or has metastasized distantly, radical surgery is not possible in this case and the chance of radical surgery is lost for prostate cancer. An orchiectomy for patients with advanced prostate cancer is an endocrine treatment, not a radical surgery, because the prostate cancer itself is not removed and remains in the patient’s body. What kind of patients are suitable for radical prostate cancer surgery? First of all, prostate cancer belongs to the early stage and the tumor has not yet metastasized. From a professional perspective, we call this organ-confined prostate cancer, which means that the prostate cancer is confined to the prostate envelope and has not yet spread or metastasized. Only in this kind of early stage prostate cancer is it meaningful to perform radical surgery and it is possible to achieve the effect of radical cure. Secondly, radical prostate cancer surgery is generally suitable for patients within 75 years of age, and from a professional point of view is suitable for patients with a life expectancy of more than 10 years. This is because prostate cancer is a slow progressing tumor compared to other malignant tumors, and will not endanger the life of the patient in the short term. Therefore, it does not make much sense to choose radical surgery for elderly patients, because cardiovascular disease is often life-threatening for elderly patients, not prostate cancer. What are the common surgical complications of radical prostate cancer surgery? Currently, there are three common complications of radical prostate cancer surgery as follows: First, bleeding. In the past, when the anatomy of the prostate was not well studied, bleeding was a very serious complication. About 10 to 20 years ago, there were very few radical prostate cancer operations performed in China, and experience was very limited, and the anatomy was not familiar enough, so the bleeding was very large, often exceeding 1000 ml, and in some cases even reaching 5000 ml. With the advancement of research and surgical techniques, we are now able to control the bleeding volume of radical prostate cancer surgery within 100ml to 200ml, and in better cases within 50ml. However, for less skilled units or surgeons, bleeding during radical prostate cancer surgery is still a major complication and often requires intraoperative or postoperative blood transfusion. Second, urinary incontinence. This is a relatively common complication, which means that patients cannot control their urine after surgery, and urine will flow out involuntarily and wet their pants. This complication is mainly due to the fact that the surgery damaged the outer sphincter of the urethra at the tip of the prostate. The external urethral sphincter is a muscle structure dedicated to controlling urination and is often in close proximity to the tip of the prostate, which cannot be identified by the naked eye during surgery. Therefore, urinary incontinence often occurs after surgery in cases of inexperience or when the tumor itself invades the sphincter. Better medical units abroad report that the incidence of urinary incontinence can be controlled to less than 5%, but in general, it should reach about 10%. Third, erectile dysfunction, or sexual dysfunction. Because the sexual nerves on both sides of the prostate envelope are often damaged during surgery, this leads to post-operative penile erectile dysfunction. The sexual nerve cannot be identified by the naked eye during surgery, so protection of the sexual nerve depends entirely on the surgeon’s personal experience and operating skills. The incidence of this complication is reported to be around 30% in foreign countries, but it depends on the patient’s own condition, such as the patient’s sexual function before surgery and the tumor’s invasion of the prostate envelope. If the patient’s sexual function is not very good before surgery, the recovery of sexual function after surgery will be relatively poor. Radical prostate cancer surgery is a relatively technical surgery that requires a good understanding of anatomy and high surgical skills in order to obtain better surgical results.