In recent years, the impact of environmental pollution on male fertility has attracted more and more attention. Environmental pollution not only refers to air pollution, water pollution, but also includes food pollution and pollution of household products. Studies have shown that over the past 50 years, the average sperm density of normal men has decreased by 40% to 50%, and the reasons for this are complex, with more scholars attributing it to environmental factors and poor lifestyle damage to the male reproductive system. Various harmful factors in the environment often act intricately on the human body to affect male fertility. Physical factors mostly contribute to reduced fertility by acting directly on spermatogenic or mesenchymal cells, while a few can act through other pathways. Common such physical factors include ionizing radiation, microwaves, lasers, ultrasound, noise, etc. Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, gamma rays and other kinds of rays can cause genetic mutations by acting on chromosomes, resulting in sterility, malformations or miscarriage; it can also act on interstitial cells, resulting in reduced production of sex hormones, reduced sexual function as well as affecting spermatogenesis and the quality of semen. Spermatogenic cells are sensitive to radiation and their ability to produce sperm will be affected once they are exposed to radiation. Some studies have shown that after a certain amount of exposure to radiation, it takes at least two years to restore the ability to produce sperm, and in severe cases, it may lead to the loss of fertility. The degree of damage caused by ionizing radiation is related to the dose of radiation exposure, duration, mode of exposure, age, physiological factors and environmental factors. People who are vulnerable to ionizing radiation mainly include: special occupations, medical diagnosticians and patients receiving radiation therapy. Non-ionizing radiation has mainly thermal effects, but also non-thermal effects such as on changing the biological function of cell membranes. When the temperature of the scrotum is raised to the temperature of other parts of the body by adding high temperature, etc., the thermal effect may cause the spermatogenic function of the testes to stop completely. It is believed that people who work in a seated position for a long time (such as drivers and office workers) can cause spermatogenic dysfunction due to poor heat dissipation from the scrotum. In daily life, hot water baths and wearing tight pants also have a negative impact on fertility because they affect scrotal heat dissipation. Some people, such as boiler workers and steel workers, have lower than normal fertility because they work under high temperature for a long time and are exposed to heat radiation. Noise can cause a number of reactions in the body that can increase the secretion of adrenaline releasing hormone, which can cause a response in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, affecting the occurrence of sperm and leading to a decrease in fertility. Male infertility caused by chemical factors is more common in real life. Production and life produce a large number of various pollutants that can potentially affect human fertility. Some chemicals, such as DDT and PCBs, can produce estrogen-like effects and can contaminate our living environment, especially water sources. If men are over-exposed to these substances, fertility can be affected. In addition, aromatized organic solvents used in decoration and painting, formaldehyde, phenol, vinyl chloride, plastic products, etc., occupational exposure to butadiene, herbicides, and fungicides can also reduce male fertility. Nitroso compounds in food additives are carcinogenic and their metabolites can act on the testes through the blood-testis barrier, affecting the function of spermatogenic cells and interstitial cells of the testes. Food coloring agents can also reduce fertility. Trace amounts of heavy metals in semen can inhibit sperm enzyme activity and membrane function. Long-term exposure to heavy metals (such as lead, cadmium and arsenic) can also inhibit testicular spermatogenesis and affect the quality of semen. Others, such as copper and mercury, may also have reproductive toxicity and increase sperm malformation rates. In daily life, the reproductive function of long-term smokers and alcoholics is also impaired, and cadmium and nicotine contained in tobacco are harmful to humans. A survey was conducted on two groups of men, smokers and non-smokers, and it was found that there was a more significant decrease in the number of normal sperm in the smoking group. In addition, some social problems should attract our attention, some foreign experts believe that the use of hormones to feed poultry, so that although it can promote the growth of poultry, but because the use of these hormones will be stored in the animal’s fatty tissue, through the food chain into the human body, the adverse effects on human health. Some athletes use hormones to improve their performance or some people use hormones to change their body shape, and this social phenomenon can have an impact on people’s fertility. Bad lifestyles can also affect male fertility. The mechanism may be that the body’s stress response affects the secretion of gonadotropic hormones in the pituitary-hypothalamus-gonadal axis, increasing the secretion of adrenaline and causing local blood supply disorders, which in turn causes degenerative changes in testicular tissue. Both excessive obesity and excessive exercise may reduce sperm production, but this can be restored with lower body weight and reduced exercise levels. Many elements, including selenium and zinc, are necessary for sperm formation and maturation, and a diet low in selenium and zinc or deficient in certain nutrients due to a partial diet can increase the risk of infertility. Infections of the male reproductive system can cause male infertility by affecting the spermatogenic function of the testes, disrupting the secretion of the accessory gonads, inducing autoimmunity, or directly poisoning sperm through microbial toxins. It is worth noting that the increase of genitourinary system infections or other infectious diseases, the application of a large number of antibiotics makes our living environment more affected, and the frequent contact between human body and antibiotics can affect the production and quality of sperm. How to prevent the impact of some adverse environmental factors in daily life on human fertility deserves our attention. Men who have not had children should pay attention to the above factors and strengthen their protection, especially in the following occupations: welders, drivers, farmers, painters, printers, employees in the electronics industry, firefighters, and pollutant handlers.