Gallstone disease, also known as biliary system stone disease or cholelithiasis, is a common disease of the biliary system and is a general term for gallbladder stones and bile duct stones (also divided into intrahepatic and extrahepatic). Gallstones should be prevented and treated immediately after their onset, and there are generally two types of treatment: non-surgical and surgical. The biliary system is designed to transport, store, concentrate, and excrete bile. Therefore, if the biliary system has a variation in its anatomy and physiology or in the composition of bile, solid crystals may form in any part of the biliary system, causing obstruction of the bile duct and further stimulating cancerous lesions in the biliary system. Gallstones are related to liver function and bile metabolism, as abnormal liver function also causes changes in bile composition; therefore, patients with chronic hepatitis, especially cirrhosis, have a higher incidence of gallstones in clinical practice. Conversely, the most common cause of other biliary stones is due to infection of the bile duct by bacteria, mainly Escherichia coli, which causes damage to the endothelial cells of the bile duct and the formation of stones due to variation in the composition of the bile.