I. Definition Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and destruction of bone microstructure, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. It is a disease of the skeletal system characterized by decreased bone strength and increased risk of fracture. Bone strength is mainly reflected by bone density and bone mass. Risk factors 1. Uncontrollable factors: age, gender, small size, positive family history or susceptible race and ethnicity, space travel and weightlessness, etc. 2, controllable factors: sex hormone deficiency, insufficient vitamin and calcium intake, reduced physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, drugs and other factors. Clinical manifestations 1. pain 58% of patients with osteoporosis will experience pain. Pain is diffuse, no fixed pain site, no pressure point during examination, pain is aggravated or activity is restricted when loading, and in serious cases, it is difficult to turn over, sit up and walk, mainly due to excessive bone transformation, increased bone resorption, destruction of bone trabeculae, disappearance, fracture and microfracture, causing generalized bone pain, with low back pain being the most common, accounting for 70% – 80%. Pain is the characteristic performance when the position changes. 2, spinal deformation Severe osteoporosis can have height shortening and hunchback. Vertebral compression fracture can lead to thoracic deformation, abdominal compression, affecting cardiopulmonary function, etc. 3.Fracture Fractures that occur with non-trauma or minor trauma are fragility fractures. It is a low-energy or non-violent fracture, such as a fall from a standing height or less than a standing height or a fracture that occurs as a result of other daily activities. The common sites where fragility fractures occur are the thoracic and lumbar spine, hip, radius, distal ulna and proximal humerus. Disease treatment 1. Lifestyle modification A balanced diet rich in calcium, low in salt and moderate in protein. Pay attention to appropriate outdoor activities, physical exercise and rehabilitation therapy that help bone health. Avoid smoking, alcohol abuse and the use of drugs that affect bone metabolism. Take various measures to prevent falls: for example, pay attention to the presence of diseases and medications that increase the risk of falls, and strengthen protective measures for yourself and the environment (including various joint protectors), etc. 2.Pharmaceutical intervention Calcium + vitamin D + anti-osteoporosis drugs, one of the three is indispensable. 3.Surgical treatment mainly refers to the treatment of osteoporotic fractures. Percutaneous vertebroplasty (vertibroplasty) and kyphoplasty (kyphoplasty) are one of the new advances in minimally invasive treatment of the spine, which are suitable for fresh without spinal cord or nerve root symptoms and severe pain Del vertebral compression fractures, and have good pain relief. V. Disease prevention Strengthening exercise and ensuring adequate calcium intake from adolescence, as well as preventing and actively treating various diseases, especially chronic wasting diseases and malnutrition, malabsorption, etc., preventing various gonadal dysfunctional diseases and growth disorders; avoiding long-term use of drugs affecting bone metabolism, etc., can try to obtain the ideal peak bone mass and reduce the risk of osteoporosis in the future. Calcium in adulthood is a basic measure to prevent osteoporosis, and cannot be used as osteoporosis treatment drugs alone only as a basic adjunctive drug. Prevention in adulthood consists of two main aspects. The first is to try to slow down the rate and extent of bone loss. For postmenopausal women, the accepted measure is early supplementation with estrogen or a combination of estrogen and progestin. The second is to prevent fractures in patients with osteoporosis, and avoiding risk factors for fractures can significantly reduce the incidence of fractures.