Surgical treatment of scoliosis includes the following conditions: 1. the development of deformity cannot be controlled by brace treatment and the degree of scoliosis continues to increase; 2. pulmonary dysfunction and trunk asymmetry in adolescent-type scoliosis with severe deformity requiring plastic surgery; 3. older patients with pain or with neurological symptoms that cannot be controlled by conservative treatment; 4. adolescent-type scoliosis of 40-45 degrees or more; 5. Cobb’s angle of 40 degrees, but with severe anterior chest convexity and obvious rib augmentation. Because of the complex etiology of scoliosis and the many types of scoliosis, the indications for surgery are by no means simply based on the patient’s age or the degree of scoliosis, but should also take into account factors such as the type, characteristics, segmentation, rate of progression of the deformity, the patient’s bone age development and the degree of impact of the deformity on the patient’s posture. There is a consensus that progressive congenital scoliosis should be operated early, as it is difficult to correct because the deformity not only worsens with age, but also becomes stiff. However, if idiopathic scoliosis is fused by posterior correction too early in childhood, the deformity is likely to worsen in the distant future. For example, if idiopathic scoliosis is in the thoracic segment with a large angle, or if it is accompanied by anterior thoracic convexity, even if the patient is already mature, the patient should be actively treated surgically because the slow progression of the deformity has a greater impact on posture and cardiopulmonary function, while the postoperative impact on spinal activities is smaller. On the contrary, mild idiopathic scoliosis of the thoracolumbar and lumbar segments, or a double-bend deformity in which the scoliosis has reached the degree, the two bends are balanced with each other, the deformity progresses slowly, and no obvious appearance change deformity is produced, there is no need to rush to surgery. Each patient’s scoliosis should be specially analyzed and treated differently.