Thyroid nodules or masses are very common in outpatient clinics, especially with today’s increased health awareness, and thyroid nodules found on physical exams account for a progressively higher percentage of patient visits. It refers to the presence of limited abnormal tissue in the thyroid that can be palpated or a limited lesion on the image that is different from normal tissue. With the introduction and popularity of high-resolution ultrasound, a large number of inaccessible nodules of a few millimeters have been discovered, making thyroid nodules more common and causing tension and worry in some patients. There are single and multiple thyroid nodules, and the chances of them being detected increase with age. In general, about 90% – 95% of thyroid nodules are benign lesions, with a small percentage of true thyroid malignancies. Therefore, for the vast majority of patients with thyroid nodules, there is no need to be nervous and just take it easy. The most common cause of thyroid nodules is nodular goiter, followed by Hashimoto’s disease, benign thyroid tumors, other thyroid infections, and thyroid cancer. When a thyroid nodule is found on physical examination palpation or imaging, it is necessary to make a preliminary assessment of the thyroid nodule to determine whether it is benign or malignant is important, whether there is an indication for surgery, etc. The following are undesirable factors or signs of a thyroid nodule, and although they cannot be considered malignant, they should be noted and require further diagnosis or active surgical management: thyroid nodules in children and men, nodules that are hard and fixed, thyroid nodules with hoarseness or difficulty in breathing and swallowing; ultrasound examination reveals the following signs: solid hypoechoic thyroid nodules with irregular morphology, poorly defined borders with microcalcifications or The following signs are found on ultrasound: solid hypoechoic thyroid nodules, regular shape, poorly defined with microcalcifications or sand-like calcifications, nodules with abundant blood flow, or nodules with enlarged, abnormal, liquefied or calcified cervical lymph nodes. According to the guidelines for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer, ultrasound and nail function are mandatory when thyroid nodules are found. When thyroid nodules are suspected to be malignant, thyroid nodule aspiration cytology is preferred. However, the clinical application of thyroid nodule aspiration diagnostic technique is not popular, and it cannot diagnose follicular carcinoma. In addition, the positive detection rate of this method is obviously affected by the level of diagnostic technology, so a comprehensive judgment is often required when thyroid nodules are found. Sometimes it is difficult to diagnose thyroid nodules and it is necessary to perform comprehensive examinations to determine the diagnosis, such as color ultrasound or ultrasonography with elastography, thyroid nuclear scan, thyroid pro-tumor imaging, thyroid aspiration cytology, etc., or even surgical diagnosis or direct surgical treatment. Thyroid nodules less than 1 cm in diameter in the vast majority of cases require only regular observation, while those larger than 1 cm generally require further comprehensive evaluation. For large nodules, such as those larger than 4.0 cm in diameter, surgery is generally recommended regardless of their benign or malignant nature. The surgical approach and scope of surgery differ for benign and malignant nodules, and there are significant differences in postoperative follow-up treatment.