Liver cancer is the second most deadly tumor. China has the highest annual incidence and death rate of liver cancer in the world, accounting for more than 50% of cases. Although the incidence of liver cancer in China has decreased significantly since the 1990s in both men and women, more than 70% of patients are already unfit for surgical treatment or liver transplantation at the time of detection. Therefore, it is of great significance for liver cancer patients to explore other treatment modalities based on conventional surgical and medical radiotherapy. Immunological treatment of liver cancer has received great attention in recent years, and several studies and clinical observations have been reported in this field. Monoclonal antibody therapy Phase II clinical trials for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma have found that bevacizumab in combination with other therapeutic modalities can observe better therapeutic effects, but there is a lack of control groups, and further randomized controlled clinical trials should be conducted. A phase II clinical study reported that the combination of bevacizumab with targeted therapy significantly prolonged progression-free survival to 9.0 months and overall survival to 15.7 months in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the clinical trials on monoclonal antibodies for hepatocellular carcinoma are still mainly phase II clinical trials, and large-scale phase III clinical trials are still needed. Tumor vaccine therapy Alpha-fetoprotein levels are significantly increased in the serum of most liver cancer patients, so it can be used as a marker in dendritic cell-based vaccine therapy. A clinical phase I/II study found that after DC vaccine presenting AFP peptide was applied to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, 6 out of 10 patients developed T-cell response to AFP after vaccination. Another study also found that all patients developed T-cell responses against tumor-associated antigens after administration of a DC vaccine targeting peptides such as AFP. There are also DC vaccines targeting liver cancer cell lysates that are in various clinical trial stages. When the DC vaccine was administered to patients against their own tumor cell lysates, 68% of patients had stable or remission disease and significantly longer survival; patients who received a monthly DC vaccine booster had a 50% higher 1-year survival rate than the control group. A phase II clinical study of a DC vaccine against hepatocellular carcinoma lysate products found that 73% of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma had stable or partial remission after intravenous vaccination. The DC vaccine for hepatocellular carcinoma lysate in patients with partial hepatectomy reduced the recurrence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma by 81%, increased overall survival by 89%, and significantly prolonged progression-free survival. In the phase I and II clinical trials conducted, it was found that therapeutic vaccination against different markers could not only improve the immune function of patients but also prolong the survival period. Further clinical trials of therapeutic vaccines for hepatocellular carcinoma are still one of the main directions for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Relay immunotherapy Relay cell therapy is also applied to the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Early studies have found that the application of IL-2 activated LAK cells combined with adriamycin to patients who have undergone liver tumor resection can significantly reduce the recurrence of tumor. Similarly, IL-2-activated TIL treatment given to postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma patients still significantly reduced tumor recurrence. The 5-year tumor recurrence rate was 33% in the treatment group and 22% in the control group after multiple intravenous injections of peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured with IL-2 and anti-CD3, and the progression-free survival was 2.8 years in the treatment group and 1.6 years in the control group, and the 3-year overall survival rate was 88% in the treatment group and 74% in the control group. Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma has proven to be effective from the current research reports, and presents a new development space for the treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the existing studies are only basic and early clinical studies, and the specific efficacy and long-term observation of this treatment need to be supported by data from large sample randomized controlled clinical studies.