Cervical cancer has been one of the most common malignancies among women worldwide, and the incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer in the United States has declined by 70% in recent years, largely due to cytologic screening of the cervix for early detection of precancerous cervical lesions. Half of the women diagnosed with cervical cancer each year have never undergone cytology screening. Cytologic screening can be done by liquid-based cytology (TCT, LCT) or traditional Pap smear. Another screening indicator is HPV (human papillomavirus). 70-90% of cervical precancerous lesions are found to be HPV and 95% of cervical cancers are HPV (+), so it is now believed that high-risk HPV is closely associated with cervical lesions and cervical cancer. The important malignant factors are (1) HPV type: there are more than 100 types of HPV, and the most common oncogenic types are 16 and 18. (2) Persistence of HPV infection: 80% of women can be infected with HPV during their lifetime, but most of them will be cleared automatically by effective immune response, only persistent infection will lead to cervical lesions, usually for 2 years. Smoking and immune deficiency are risk factors. HPV infection is common in women and adolescents before the age of 20 years, and the infection rate decreases with age. However, in younger women and adolescents HPV infection regresses spontaneously, and in older women HPV infection is more responsive to the risk of developing a high degree of pathology. Recommendations: Women should be screened starting at age 21, every 2 years for women aged 21-29, and every 3 years for women over 30 if they have had 3 consecutive normal tests, have no history of cervical lesions and no immune system disease, and combined cytology and HPV screening is recommended. screening can be stopped for women over 70 if previous screening was normal.