Because urinary stones are composed of metabolic products of the body, stone formation is closely related to collective metabolism. The metabolic abnormalities associated with urinary stones include abnormal calcium metabolism, abnormal oxalate metabolism and abnormal adenine metabolism. The composition of stones formed varies with different metabolic abnormalities of the body, such as calcium-containing stones, uric acid stones, cystine stones, xanthine stones, etc. The reasons for the increasing incidence of kidney stones year by year are closely related to the socio-economic development and the change of people’s daily diet structure. Excess animal protein, dairy products and sugar in the diet can significantly increase the excretion of urinary calcium, urinary oxalic acid and urinary uric acid, thus facilitating the formation of kidney stones. People who consume more sugar, more meat and less water in their daily life have the highest risk of kidney stones. When too much animal protein, refined sugar, dairy products and low-fiber foods are consumed, it can lead to an increase in the concentration of lithogenic substances in the urine, which is one of the main reasons for the increase in the incidence of kidney stones. Therefore, proper adjustment of dietary structure, reducing the intake of animal protein and refined sugar, and increasing low-carbohydrate and coarse plant fiber diet has the effect of reducing the incidence of kidney stones.