Human papillomavirus (HPV) was one of the main protagonists at the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which was “awarded” on October 6, 2008. Professor Emeritus and former Director and Scientific Director of the Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, Germany, Harald Trul. Trull. Hausen, received the award for his discovery that HPV can cause cervical cancer. What is HPV? HPV is an epitheliophilic virus with a high degree of specificity that has long been known to cause benign tumors and warts in humans. After decades of research, German scientist Chur Hausen discovered that HPV is the culprit of cervical cancer! HPV is divided into two types: low-risk and high-risk. Low-risk HPV includes HPV types 6, 11, 42, 43, 44 and so on. The low-risk HPV types include HPV 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, etc., which often cause benign lesions such as external genital warts, including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN I), and the high-risk HPV types include HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, etc., which are associated with the occurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II/III) and cervical cancer, especially HPV 16 and 18. HPV16 is associated with cervical squamous carcinoma and HPV18 is associated with cervical adenocarcinoma. Why does HPV contribute to the development and progression of cervical cancer? HPV can be detected in nearly 90% of cervical cancer patients’ tissues, and HPV type 16 accounts for more than 50%. HPV infection can lead to the occurrence and development of cervical cancer, and the exact cause is not well understood. It is now tentatively believed that the HPV genome sequence is about 8 kb long and consists mainly of early ORF (Open reading frames) E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7 and late ORF Ll, L2. E6 and E7 are transformed genes, which are considered oncogenes and are continuously expressed in HPV-infected cervical cancer tissues. the HPV-infected The E6 oncogene encodes a synthetic E6 protein that can form an E6/E6AP complex with the intracellular E6-associated protein (E6AP), which can bind to the intracellular wild-type oncogene product P53 protein. In the role of E6AP to make p53 via fas (ubiquitin)-mediated pathway degradation, so that p53 inhibit cell growth and promote apoptosis of the role of loss; E7 and Rb (Retinoblastoma retinoblastoma) protein binding to make its phosphorylation and release E2F transcription factor, E2F activates the transcription of genes, transcription from the G1 phase into S phase required, resulting in uncontrolled regulation of the cell cycle, which leads to cell immortalization. What is the route of transmission of HPV infection? ①Sex ②Smoking ③Multiple pregnancies ④Oral contraceptives ⑤Immunosuppressants ⑥Other sexually transmitted diseases ⑦Nutritional factors, geographical environmental factors. ⑧Indirect infection such as: bath, bathing utensils, bath tubs or bath towels, swimming pools, utensils, objects, etc.