Persistent infection with high-risk HPV (the same type of HPV infection for more than 1 year) is now considered to be the cause of cervical cancer, and almost all patients with cervical cancer have high-risk HPV infection. HPV infection is common, with approximately 70-80% of women becoming infected with HPV during their lifetime. Most women are able to clear the virus through their own resistance, and eventually only 5% of those with persistent HPV infection develop cervical cancer. The process from cervical HPV infection to cervical cancer is a long process, we call it precancerous stage, HPV infection → low grade cervical intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) → high grade cervical intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) → cervical cancer, this process takes about 10 years or more, but there are a few cervical precancerous lesions that progress quickly, so the management of precancerous lesions is crucial to the outcome of the disease. The management of precancerous lesions is therefore crucial for the outcome of the disease. Cervical HSIL (CIN2 or CIN3) is currently considered to be a true precancerous lesion and statistically, about half of CIN2 may resolve spontaneously, 1/3 of CIN2 may progress to CIN3, about 1/3 of CIN3 resolves spontaneously, about half of CIN3 lesions may persist, and about 14% of CIN3 may progress to cervical cancer. Therefore, even a diagnosis of HSIL has a certain chance of natural regression, but whether it can regress naturally depends mainly on age. Don’t be overly worried and afraid because they are all treatable, and don’t be overly careless because the progression of CIN depends on many factors, age, HPV type and duration, extent of lesions, whether they are receiving immunosuppressive therapy, etc. are all influencing factors. Most of the treatment options for cervical HSIL are hysterectomy, such as cervical loop electrosurgery (usually called LEEP, and cold knife conization), and physiotherapy for some young, infertile patients with CIN2, as appropriate, taking into account age, symptoms, TCT, HPV type and duration, and colposcopic findings. Once cervical HSIL is diagnosed, aggressive treatment and regular, standardized follow-up at the cervical specialist’s office is very important.