Ocular trauma is a variety of pathological changes caused by external mechanical physical or chemical injuries to the eye and its appendages, and is one of the main causes of blindness. Ocular trauma is divided into two categories: mechanical and non-mechanical: I. Mechanical trauma 1. blunt contusion of the eye: (1) subcutaneous bleeding and emphysema of the eyelid, subcutaneous emphysema of the eyelid is caused by blunt contusion of the eye combined with fracture of the medial wall of the orbit (often the septal sinus), and gas in the septal sinus enters the eyelid subcutaneously, which should be prevented from infection. (2) Corneal epithelial exfoliation To prevent infection apply antibiotic eye ointment and cover and bandage the injured eye. (3) Anterior chamber hemorrhage Glaucoma can occur secondary to hemorrhage in large amounts. Patients should rest in bed, apply appropriate hemostatic medications, and take internal IOP-lowering medications if secondary to glaucoma, and perform anterior chamber puncture if necessary. (4) Iris root detachment and traumatic pupil dilatation Small detachments are generally not treated, while large detachments should be surgically sutured to restore the pupil to its original position. Pupil dilatation due to trauma, which paralyzes or tears the sphincter, is often not easily recovered. (5) Vitreous hemorrhage Patients should be less active and apply hemostatic drugs appropriately. (6) Retinal shock The retinal clouding and edema is grayish after injury and can disappear on its own. Severe trauma can cause retinal rupture, leading to retinal detachment, which requires surgery. (7) Traumatic cataract and lens dislocation can cause secondary glaucoma. (8) Choroidal hemorrhage and rupture injury. (9) Rupture injury of the eye Serious blunt contusion can cause rupture of the eye, which is more likely to occur at the corneoscleral rim in the anterior part of the eye and around the optic nerve in the posterior part of the eye. The anterior part of the eye can be surgically sutured, while the posterior part of the eye is difficult to be sutured. 2, perforating ocular trauma The eye is perforated by sharp objects (such as needles, scissors, knives, iron, nails, lead or glass, etc.) or small foreign objects (often small metal pieces) flying at high speed. At the time of injury, the patient will feel a stream of “hot water” from the eye, after the injury, the patient is ashamed of tears and pain and loss of vision. Foreign body injuries include conjunctival corneal foreign bodies and intraocular foreign bodies: (1) conjunctival and corneal foreign bodies conjunctival foreign bodies are often located on the conjunctiva of the upper eyelid, especially in the area of the inferior lid sulcus, and larger foreign bodies may be located in the upper dome. Conjunctival foreign bodies can be rubbed out with a wet cotton swab. Corneal foreign bodies are commonly superficial foreign bodies such as iron filings, cinders, and glass pieces, which are removed with a wet cotton swab under local anesthesia; deeper foreign bodies are removed with an injection needle or foreign body knife. After removal of the corneal foreign body, attention should be paid to the prevention of infection creeping corneal ulcers, mostly occurring after the removal of the corneal foreign body, and can cause blindness. (2) Intraocular foreign bodies There are many types of intraocular foreign bodies, the most common being iron filings, followed by other metal glass pieces small stones or wood chips. People who use hammers to hit or lathes to grind are more likely to see small pieces of iron flying into the eye. The patient suddenly suffers from eye pain followed by tearing (often the outflow of atrial fluid) and the foreign body penetrates from the cornea. Second, non-mechanical ocular trauma, including high heat burns, chemical injuries and radiation injuries: 1, high heat burns Boiling water, boiling oil or iron water, etc. caused by the surface of the eye and eyelid burns or thermal burns. Scalding parts are mostly in the eye exterior, such as eyelid skin, cornea and conjunctiva. Severe burns can cause corneal clouding, lid adhesions, scarring lid ectropion, and rabbit eyes. 2, chemical injury Alkaline or acidic substances splashed into the eye and caused by the injury. The eye should be flushed with plenty of clean water immediately after the chemical injury. Alkaline substances such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia, lime, etc. can easily penetrate through the cornea and invade deep tissue, secondary to corneal perforation and iridocyclitis, alkaline chemical injuries should be performed subconjunctival injection of vitamin C, and pay attention to the prevention of infection. 3, radiation eye trauma ultraviolet radiation, can produce superficial keratitis, 6 to 12 hours after the onset of irradiation, symptoms are photophobia, lacrimation, eye pain, foreign body sensation, eyelid spasm, etc.. According to the different causes, there are snow ophthalmia, electrophotographic ophthalmia (mostly due to welding without protective glasses), need to pay attention to prevention. Infrared injuries are mostly seen in high-heat furnace front workers, glass blowers, etc. Cataracts can occur. Cataracts can occur after months of exposure to X-rays.