Oral cancer patients often have the problem of repairing soft tissue and bone tissue defects after surgical resection of tumors, such as repairing tongue defects after tongue cancer resection, repairing mandibular bone defects after floor of mouth cancer resection, and some patients with buccal cancer even need to cut through the buccal tissues, leaving cavernous defects, all these postoperative defects bring problems to patients’ aesthetics, tissue function, eating, swallowing and speech. At the same time, some patients, especially women, are often resistant to surgical treatment because of aesthetic concerns and thus lose the opportunity for surgical cure. Currently, vascularized tissue flap grafting has become the mainstay of maxillofacial defect repair after oral cancer resection, with a success rate of more than 95%, and some reports show that the success rate is even higher than that of traditional tipped or non-vascularized grafting. Vascularized tissue flaps include forearm flap, peroneal muscle flap, anterolateral femoral flap, rectus abdominis flap, latissimus dorsi flap, and so on. The peroneal muscle flap is mainly used for the repair of mandibular defects. These flaps can meet the requirements for one-stage repair of a variety of tissue defects, including skin, muscle and bone tissue, which is not possible with other repair methods. Also, for experienced maxillofacial surgeons, the use of vascularized tissue flaps to repair maxillofacial defects can achieve satisfactory results in speech, eating, aesthetics, and swallowing.