UTIs caused by pathogens other than gonococcus are collectively known as non-gonococcal urethritis, which is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases and can be complicated or cross-infected with gonorrhea. The disease occurs in young and middle-aged sexually active men and can be combined with epididymitis (swollen, hard and painful epididymis), orchitis and prostatitis in men; cervicitis (inflammation and erosion of the cervix, increased discharge, vaginal and vulvar itching), pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal inflammatory disease in women. and cause female infertility. For women with UTI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, even if they are able to have children, the babies born often die due to chlamydial infection of the eyes and ears. UTIs commonly referred to as non-gonococcal UTIs are those caused by Chlamydia (40%-60% of cases), Mycoplasma (20%-40% of cases), and some as yet unknown pathogens (10-20% of cases) such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Herpes simplex virus. [The incubation period of non-gonorrhea is 1 to 4 weeks for men and 1 to 3 weeks for women. The pathway of transmission: 1, direct sexual contact infection, sexual relations with patients suffering from non-gonococcal urethritis; 2, indirect contact infection, the use of patients suffering from non-gonococcal urethritis used clothing, bedding, towels, bath tubs, flush toilets, etc.; 3, obstetric infection, suffering from non-gonococcal urethritis maternal infection through the birth canal of the newborn, in addition to obstetrician and gynecologist and the mother’s finger is also an important way to bring the pathogen to the newborn. An important way for the newborn. Mycoplasma can be isolated from amniotic fluid, placenta and fetal blood when the membranes are intact, thus demonstrating that infection can occur in the fetus in utero. The disease is often contracted at the same time as gonorrhea. In the former, gonorrhea symptoms appear first, and after antigonococcal treatment, the gonococcus is killed, while chlamydia and mycoplasma remain. The disease develops 1-3 weeks after the infection. It is easily mistaken clinically as untreated gonorrhea or recurrence. Improper management or untimely treatment can lead to complications, such as acute epididymitis, prostatitis, colitis, pharyngitis in men and cervicitis, cervical erosion, vestibular adenitis, vaginitis, tubitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ectopic pregnancy in women. Cervicitis is the most common comorbidity in women. Nearly half of the patients with combined cervicitis are asymptomatic, and the main signs in those with symptoms are increased cervical canal leucorrhea with mucopurulent discharge, often accompanied by congestion and edema. If cervicitis is not treated, 30% to 40% can develop upstream into endometritis and 8% to 10% into tubal inflammation, leading to chronic abdominal pain, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Neonates are often infected through the infected birth canal, and conjunctivitis can occur 3-13 days after birth, with or without mucopurulent discharge from the eye, but mostly without invasion of the cornea. Pneumonia may occur 2-3 weeks after birth, with increasing symptoms and shortness of breath, but no fever. Half of the children have conjunctivitis, and a very small number of children may have Reifer’s syndrome such as urethritis, arthritis, keratitis, conjunctivitis, and rash. [Symptoms of non-gonococcal urethritis] Non-gonococcal urethritis in men has the clinical manifestations of urethritis, but the symptoms are less severe than gonorrhea, and the onset is less urgent than gonorrhea. There is a tingling or burning sensation in the urethra, and occasionally a stinging sensation. There is discharge from the urethral orifice, but it is thinner than that of gonorrhea, and is clear and watery mucus-like or yellowish mucous pus, and the amount of discharge is less than that of gonorrhea. During examination, some need to squeeze the anterior urethra from back to front before a small amount of discharge may spill from the urethral orifice. Sometimes the patient may have symptoms without discharge, or may have discharge without symptoms. Sometimes the patient does not have any conscious symptoms. It is easy to miss the diagnosis at the first visit. Non-gonococcal urethritis in women is characterized by few or no symptoms. When infected with a UTI, about 50% have urinary frequency, burning sensation in the urethra or difficulty in urination, and a little plasma-like or mucopurulent discharge may be found at the urethral orifice, but there are usually no symptoms of painful urination or only mild painful urination. Sometimes there is also inflammation or erosion of the cervix, and there are white blood cells in the cervical discharge (more than 10 per field of view under high magnification). Examination reveals cervical edema, erosion, and increased leukorrhea, often causing vulvar or vaginal itching. In severe cases, vestibulitis may be induced, resulting in enlargement and localized redness of the vestibular gland, or an abscess may form, requiring incision and drainage. Patients with concomitant tubitis, endometritis, or pelvic inflammatory disease may present with corresponding symptoms. The subclinical infection can persist for many years. Whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, the consequences are equally serious and should be treated aggressively once detected. [Diagnostic points] 1. History of unclean sexual intercourse within 1 to 3 weeks, or history of infection in the spouse. 2, symptoms of urethritis, which is more prominent in men, women are frequent urination, difficulty in urination, or cervicitis, vulvodynia, leucorrhea. 3, urethral secretion smear examination microscopic number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes per high magnification field > 15, gram stain microscopic examination did not see negative diplococci, gonococcal culture negative. 4, culture or other methods to confirm the presence of chlamydia or mycoplasma. Non-gonococcal urethritis is completely curable, but should be performed regular, targeted treatment, cure criteria and prevention: 1, the disappearance of clinical symptoms for more than 1 week, no discharge from the urethra, or discharge in the white red cells ≤ 4 / 100 times microscopy. 2, urine clarification, sediment microscopy negative. 3, fluorescent immunoassay urethral (cervical) specimens negative for chlamydia and mycoplasma (when available). As the symptoms of non-gonococcal urethritis are mild and even less obvious after treatment, but the disease cannot be considered cured. There are also patients who have been clinically cured after treatment, but the patient still has some uncomfortable symptoms. The criteria for determining cure can neither be based entirely on symptoms nor disregard the patient’s self-perceived symptoms. The absence of symptoms, such as laboratory tests proving that chlamydia or mycoplasma is still present, also indicates that the disease is not under control. In contrast, a patient with uncomfortable symptoms, proven negative by at least 3 laboratory tests, can be said to be cured. The key to preventing the occurrence of non-gonococcal urethritis is to eliminate impure sexual intercourse. In addition, hygiene in public baths is also important. Washing basin ponds is not advocated, and clothes should be stored separately. Gonorrhea increases the chances of developing this disease, so it is important to actively treat gonorrhea and cure it completely. After gonorrhea is cured, laboratory tests should be performed to check if you have non-gonococcal urethritis. When a spouse is sick, the other spouse should have a laboratory test and be actively treated after the disease is found.