Currently, there is still no single most sensitive and reliable method for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, although improvements are being made. In screening patients, we should consider non-invasive tests first and trauma tests later, from simple to complex. For suspicious cases, prostate biopsy is the most reliable.
Clinical signs and symptoms are important in the diagnosis of the prostate, and regular screening examinations can detect early, smaller lesions. men over 40 years of age who are at high risk for the disease and men over 50 years of age should undergo a careful annual rectal examination or routine physical examination and should have a PSA test. The main diagnostic methods of prostate cancer are as follows.
I. Puncture biopsy.
1.Prostate puncture biopsy: prostate biopsy can provide a basis for cytological diagnosis and is important for the diagnosis of early prostate cancer;
Bone marrow aspiration: taking bone marrow specimen is another method to evaluate whether prostate cancer has metastasized to bone.
II. Microscopic examination.
1.Urine smear to find prostate cancer cells. This method cannot replace prostate biopsy, but can only be used as an auxiliary method.
2. Cytological examination of prostate fluid smear. The accuracy of this method is high (up to 86% in some reports).
3, Leukocyte adhesion inhibition test. This test is recognized as a relatively simple and sensitive method of detecting tumor antigens.
Biochemical examination.
1.Acid phosphatase (PAP) assay;
2.Bone marrow acid phosphatase (BMAP) assay;
3.Prostate specific antigen (PSA);
4.Seminal plasma protein (r-Sm) measurement;
5.Serum creatine kinase (CK-BB) measurement;
6.Alkaline phosphatase assay;
7.Relative enzyme index;
8.Cancer embryonic antigen (CEA);
Ultrasound examination: it can depict the surface of the prostate and reflect the extent of the lesion.
Radionuclide scan: It is often used to diagnose bone metastasis of prostate cancer.
X-ray examination.
CT examination: CT examination can determine the degree of infiltration of prostate cancer.
MRI examination: MRI examination can show the extent of lesions in the prostate and surrounding tissues.
At present, although the diagnostic methods of prostate cancer are improving, there is still no single most sensitive and reliable method. In screening patients, we should consider non-invasive examination first and trauma examination later from simple to complicated. For suspicious cases, prostate biopsy is the most reliable.