Cognitive psychology is a kind of psychological trend that emerged in the West in the mid-1950s, and became a major research direction in Western psychology in the late 1970s when American psychologists founded “cognitive neuroscience”. The 21st century will become the “century of the brain”, and the relationship between cognition and the brain (mind-brain relationship) has become a hot topic in science, and the development of various brain imaging technologies provides powerful means to study brain cognition. There is a consensus among neuro-oncologists that extended resection of malignant glioma in the brain can prolong the survival of patients, but the key factor to evaluate the success of glioma treatment is how to improve the quality of life of patients while improving their survival rate after surgery. In the early 20th century, the German neuroanatomist Korbinian Brodmann applied tissue staining to describe the characteristics of 52 different brain regions, which is the classic Brodmann’s partition (see figure below). The Brodmann Brain 52 partitioning method is still the main reference for our clinical work and guides us in our clinical work. In clinical work, the anatomical location of Brodmann Brain 52 is intuitive, for example, we can easily locate motor and sensory areas, language areas, etc. However, it is still difficult to locate “higher cortical functions” such as thinking and memory in humans. Hughlings, a neuroscientist, has pointed out that when an injury to a particular area may produce specific symptoms, it does not mean that the injured area has only that one function; an injury may also affect other structures of the brain, because the damaged area may have neurons connected to other brain areas. Stephen, a professor of psychology at Harvard University, provides a comprehensive summary of the debate between localization and holism: “The error of early localization was to try to localize behavior and perception to a single part of the cerebral cortex. Any given behavior and perception is supported by multiple brain regions, localized in multiple parts of the brain. Thus, the key to resolving this debate is to recognize that complex functions such as perception, memory, reasoning, and movement are all realized by many underlying processes performed in a single region of the brain. In fact, various functions of the brain can be realized through many different pathways, each involving a combination of different processes. Thus, no single complex function is realized by a single brain region. So, in this sense, holists are correct. Proponents of holism point out that various brain functions are not localized to a single brain region. However, the simple processes that achieve these functions are localized to specific brain regions, and in this sense, the localizationists are correct.” In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed a bill and the President of the United States signed the “Decade of the Brain”, and brain science research was launched worldwide. social science research. Brain and cognitive science has been included in China’s medium and long-term development plan. Cognitive neuroscience is an emerging discipline developed at the intersection of traditional psychology, biology, information science, computational science, biomedical engineering, and physics, mathematics, and philosophy, aiming to elucidate the neural mechanisms of higher human activities such as self-awareness, imagination, and language. We believe that neurosurgeons should have a deeper understanding of the hemispheric functions of the brain, which requires neurosurgeons to properly address the relationship between brain tumor resection and protection of brain cognitive functions based on current research in brain cognitive science, in order to improve the quality of patient survival while prolonging the survival time. It is difficult to evaluate the prognostic quality of survival in glioma, especially it is difficult to state the high or low quality of postoperative survival of patients for a particular individual. Physicians may not share the same concerns as patients and their families about the quality of prognosis. However, neurosurgeons cannot just pursue such simple basic human activities as whether a limb is paralyzed or whether it can speak. After all, human beings are animals with advanced mental activities, so we believe that the factors that are recognized by both doctors and patients as influencing the evaluation of prognostic criteria should be: (1) comparison of the patient’s physical status before and after treatment; (2) emotional changes and sexual life; (3) family and social ethics and behavior; (4) occupational changes and learning and planning abilities. It is also important to conduct psychiatric and psychological evaluations on pediatric patients to observe the effects of treatment on intelligence and psychological and daily behavior. In order to better carry out the work of brain tumor surgery, we neurosurgeons need to deepen our understanding of cognitive neuroscience, and we need to proactively cooperate with scientists from psychology, biology, information science, computational science, biomedical engineering, philosophy and other disciplines to carry out research on brain cognitive science to better serve our patients.