According to the characteristics of protein and amino acid metabolism in renal insufficiency, the concentration of essential amino acids in blood decreases and the level of non-essential amino acids increases. Therefore, nutritional treatment should minimize plant proteins and supply high quality proteins such as milk, eggs, lean pork, fish, shrimp, chicken, etc. Is the effect of soy protein on renal insufficiency the same as other vegetable proteins? In recent decades, many scholars have found in animal experiments and clinical observations on patients with kidney disease that soy protein is better than animal protein in the nutritional treatment of renal insufficiency. Soy protein not only reduces blood creatinine and ammonia-derived material accumulation, but also significantly reduces renal plasma flow, alleviates glomerular hyperperfusion, stabilizes glomerular filtration rate, improves renal vascular sclerosis, and delays the deterioration of renal function. It also lowers cholesterol and triglycerides. The mechanism of the protective effect of soy protein on the kidney may be: (1) the amino acid composition of soy protein is basically close to that of egg protein; (2) soy protein is rich in isoflavone substances. Therefore, under the premise of controlling the total protein intake, patients with kidney disease can choose soy protein. First, soy protein is a high-quality protein. It contains a high proportion of essential amino acids, and according to the results of amino acid determination, the amino acid pattern of soy protein is very close to the amino acid pattern required by the human body, especially the essential amino acids are complete, sufficient in quantity and reasonable in proportion, which meets the requirements of the essential amino acid composition of high-quality protein. The absorption rate of soybean and soybean products is high, with soybean absorption rate of 75%, soy milk of 80%, and tofu of more than 90%. Secondly, clinical studies show that soy protein has little effect on renal vasodilation and is superior to animal protein. It can reduce urinary protein excretion rate, glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow and albumin clearance in patients with renal failure. When supplied with equal amounts of soy protein and animal protein, soy protein has a better protective effect on renal function than animal protein. In addition, secondary hyperlipidemia is one of the common complications of chronic renal failure, and patients with any type of chronic kidney disease, regardless of etiology, almost always have disorders of lipid metabolism. Lipids are “nephrotoxic” and can lead to progressive kidney injury through thylakoid cell proliferation, prostaglandin synthesis, and direct damage to glomerular capillaries, as evidenced by progressive deterioration in kidney function. Recent studies have shown that soy isoflavones have the function of antioxidant, hypolipidemic and correcting abnormalities in lipid metabolism, thus slowing down the process of sclerosis of the kidney structure and thus protecting kidney function. Therefore, while limiting protein intake, kidney failure patients can use soybeans and soy products instead of animal food, which can not only increase the variety of food for patients, but more importantly, can effectively delay the progress of the disease, stabilize the condition, and even improve the condition over a period of time.