What are the treatments for jugular vein bullae?

  Jugular vein spheroid tumor is a tumor of the paraganglia, so the correct name should be paraganglioma. The paraganglioma of the temporal bone is mainly located in the jugular foramen area and in the middle ear.  Etiology and pathology】 The etiology is still unknown. The majority of jugular vein bullae are benign, and malignancy is very rare.  Clinical manifestations] The onset of the disease is more common in middle-aged women, and the age of onset is usually between 30 and 50 years old, because the tumor grows slowly, so the course of the disease can be long.  1.Tinnitus: Unilateral pulsating tinnitus, consistent with pulsation.  2.Hearing loss: When the tumor invades the tympanic cavity, conductive deafness may appear.  3.Hemorrhage: The ear canal may bleed.  4.Cranial nerve damage: lateral palsy, swallowing difficulty, hoarseness or tongue extension deviation may appear in the advanced stage of tumor.  1.Otoscopic examination: some patients can see red swelling through the tympanic membrane, which is pulsating; the tumor can make the tympanic membrane bulge; some patients can see red polyps in the external ear canal, which can bleed easily when touched.  2. Imaging examination: CT of temporal bone can show the bone destruction in the jugular foramen area, which is characterized by irregular bone erosion; MRI can well show the relationship between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissues, which is characterized by the “pepper salt” sign, which is caused by the phenomenon of blood vessel flow in the tumor. Angiography can show the blood supply and the main trophoblastic vessels of the tumor.  Diagnosis] The diagnosis can be made based on medical history, clinical symptoms and examination. Generally, biopsy is not allowed and diagnostic tympanic membrane puncture is not performed to avoid hemorrhage. This disease needs to be differentiated from nerve sheath meningioma and meningioma in the jugular foramen area.  Treatment】 1.Surgery: The preferred method of treatment for this disease is surgery, which aims to completely remove the tumor. The surgical approach can be divided into transauricular, mastoid and infratemporal fossa approaches, etc. The choice of surgical approach depends on the primary site and size of the tumor. For large tumors, preoperative angiography and embolization of tumor trophoblastic vessels should be performed in order to reduce bleeding during surgery.  2.Observation: For elderly patients, if the tumor does not endanger the important neurological function, observation and regular MRI examination can be taken.  3.Radiation therapy: For older patients with poor general condition, palliative radiotherapy is feasible.