Anterior horn lesions of the spinal cord are a manifestation of poliomyelitis. Poliomyelitis is an acute infectious disease caused by poliovirus. Poliomyelitis virus (poliomyelitisvirus) is a genus of enterovirus in the family of small ribonucleic acid viruses. The virus is observed under the electron microscope as a small round sphere with a diameter of 24-30 nm and a round particle shape. It contains single-stranded ribonucleic acid with a nucleic acid content of 20% to 30%. The nucleoshell of the virus consists of 32 capsid particles, each containing four structural proteins, namely VP1 to VP4. VP1 has a special affinity for human cell membrane receptors and is associated with the pathogenicity and virulence of the virus. Poliomyelitis is an acute infectious disease caused by poliovirus that seriously endangers children’s health. Poliovirus is a neurotropic virus that mainly invades motor nerve cells in the central nervous system, with damage to motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord being the main cause. The main symptoms are fever, general malaise, pain in the limbs in severe cases, and irregular distribution and mild to severe delayed paralysis, commonly known as poliomyelitis. The clinical manifestations of poliomyelitis are diverse and include very mild degrees of nonspecific lesions, aseptic meningitis (nonparalytic poliomyelitis) and flaccid weakness of various muscle groups (paralytic poliomyelitis). In polio patients, due to damage to motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, the muscles associated with them lose their neural regulation and atrophy, while the subcutaneous fat, tendons and bones also atrophy, making the whole organism thin. The global polio eradication campaign has achieved impressive results since the introduction of live oral attenuated polio vaccine. However, there are many obstacles and challenges to achieving the goal of global polio eradication. 2008 saw the resurgence of polio in Nigeria and its spread to eight neighboring countries. In 1995-1996 and 1999, cases of wild strains of polio imported from Myanmar and India occurred in Yunnan and Qinghai provinces of China, respectively, and only after emergency measures were taken by local disease prevention and control authorities did no second-generation cases occur.