The prostate is an important gonadal organ in men, wrapped around the bladder below and around the urethra the size of a fruit kernel. Like other organs, malignant and benign tumors can occur in the prostate. Malignant tumors include carcinomas and sarcomas. Benign tumors include smooth muscle tumors and fibromyosarcomas. Among them, the incidence of prostate sarcoma, smooth muscle tumor and fibromyosarcoma is extremely low. Prostate cancer is the most important type of male genitourinary tumor and is a disease unique to humans, with spontaneous tendencies extremely rare in other mammals. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in Europe and the United States. Prostate cancer accounts for 2% of all new cancer diagnoses in the United States each year and is the second leading cause of cancer death in men, second only to lung cancer. In recent years, it has been reported to be more common than lung cancer. The incidence rate of prostate cancer in China is much lower than that of European and American countries, but due to the aging of the population and the increasing standard of living, the incidence rate of prostate cancer in China has been increasing at a high rate of 25%-30% per year in recent years, and the trend is towards lower age. The incidence rate of prostate cancer in China reached 4.55/100,000, which is 10 times higher than that in the 1960s. The cause of prostate cancer is still unknown, but it may be related to age, high fat diet, obesity, sex hormone level, genetic factors, smoking, exposure to chemical carcinogens or heavy metals, viral infection and chronic infection of the prostate, inappropriate sexual life and sexually transmitted diseases. Late clinical manifestations Prostate cancer has a latent slow growth. Therefore, the tumor has no clinical manifestations when it is very small. In contrast, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis produce symptoms similar to those of cancer. Prostate cancer usually does not show symptoms until the advanced stage. There are three groups of common clinical symptoms as follows: 1. Obstructive symptoms The symptoms of bladder neck obstruction in prostate cancer are almost no different from those of BPH, which are slow urine flow, urgency, interruption of urine flow, incomplete urination and frequent urination. In severe cases, it can cause dribbling of urine and urinary retention. It is worth noting. The first symptom of prostate cancer is usually not urethral obstruction, but local spread and bone metastasis symptoms in advanced stage. The cancer cells invade the glands around the urethra and cause obstruction symptoms. 2. Metastatic symptoms When the tumor invades the perineum and the lymphatic vessels around the nerves nearby, perineal pain and sciatica may appear. Bone pain is a common late symptom, which is a continuous pain in the lumbosacral region and pelvis, and is more intense when lying in bed. When the rectum is involved, it may manifest as difficulty in defecation or bowel obstruction. Urinary incontinence can occur when prostate cancer invades the urethral membrane. Other metastatic symptoms include lower limb edema, lymph node enlargement, subcutaneous metastatic nodules, pathological fracture, etc. 3. Systemic symptoms Systemic symptoms include wasting, weakness, low fever, progressive anemia and renal failure. The clinical symptoms of prostate cancer and their severity depend on the growth rate of the cancer and the degree of compression of the urethra. Therefore, all men aged 45 years or older. If you experience frequent urination, increased nocturia, prolonged urination, thin urine flow, difficulty in urination, painful ejaculation or bloody semen during sex, tingling sensation in the urethra during urination, or unexplained swelling in the lower abdomen or perineum, you should be on high alert. Rectal examination should be done once a year, which is extremely important for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Diagnostic methods of prostate cancer 1.Simple and effective early diagnosis method: rectal examination Rectal examination is very important for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. The irregularity of the prostate peritoneum and the hard stone like lump can be palpated, which is suspicious, and it is highly suspicious if the seminal vesicles are involved. The masses vary in size and should be differentiated from prostate tuberculosis and stones. The accuracy rate of rectal finger examination is 50% to 70%. 2.Serum acid phosphatase measurement This test should be performed 24 hours after rectal examination and urethral examination. 80% of prostate cancer patients with distant metastasis have increased acid phosphatase, and 20% of those without distant metastasis have increased acid phosphatase. Therefore, a significant increase in acid phosphatase in the serum suggests the possibility of prostate cancer. 3.Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement This test should be performed 1 week after rectal examination and urethral examination. PSA is a more sensitive tumor marker than acid phosphatase, which is important for the diagnosis, clinical staging, prognosis and monitoring of recurrence of prostate cancer. 4.Imaging X-ray examination: pelvic and lumbar spine radiography is an important means to diagnose whether the cancer is metastatic or not, and sometimes it can also be used for vesicovaginal imaging. Cystourethrography of prostate cancer shows the lack of normal prostate curve, accompanied by urethral stiffness and narrowing. Ultrasound: It can be used as an adjunctive diagnosis to detect changes in prostate morphology, discontinuous and unsmooth reflection of the envelope, and light clusters and dark areas inside the gland. CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also detect abnormalities in the prostate. 5.Biopsy The absolute diagnosis of prostate cancer depends on the microscopic examination of the tissue. Biopsy is performed via perineal or rectal puncture for suspected patients. Biopsy is the most reliable means to diagnose prostate cancer as the early diagnosis can be made before local spread and distant metastasis and when there are only local hard nodes. The 5 measures of prostate cancer treatment At present, many treatments for prostate cancer are only palliative, which can only relieve the symptoms but will not have an impact on the survival of the patient. Therefore, a reasonable treatment plan should be formulated by integrating all factors before treatment. At present, there are 5 common clinical treatments as follows: 1. Surgery Surgery is still the preferred method on treating prostate cancer, but because prostate cancer is mostly found late, the timing of surgery is often missed. Most of the prostate cancer patients are elderly, and radical prostate surgery is more damaging, so the indications and contraindications should be strictly controlled. 2.Cryosurgery The freezing rod is placed into the prostate through the urethra to make the local temperature of the prostate gland reach -180.C, which causes necrosis and shedding of the glandular tissue to destroy the tumor tissue. Cryosurgery has low postoperative death and complication rate and is relatively simple to perform. Endocrine therapy Prostate cancer is typically hormone-dependent. In clinical practice, endocrine therapy can bring about significant relief of prostate lesions and symptoms, but has no significant impact on survival. Radiation therapy is an effective treatment for prostate cancer. Radiation therapy can often reduce the size of prostate tumor, and is mainly used for patients who have difficulty in surgical resection or cannot be removed but have no distant metastasis. Radiation therapy is divided into internal radiation therapy, external radiation therapy and palliative radiation therapy, among which the most commonly used is external radiation therapy. Chemotherapy is used as an adjuvant treatment for advanced prostate cancer, mainly for patients who have undergone surgery or radiotherapy, and whose local tumors have been eliminated, and the application of chemotherapy drugs to eliminate potential small lesions that cannot be detected yet. The most sensitive chemotherapy drug for prostate cancer is cyclophosphamide. 5 Steps to Prostate Cancer Prevention The factors for the development of prostate cancer are very complex. Every middle-aged and elderly man should avoid the triggering factors in daily life. 1. Adjust the diet structure, eat less fatty foods, eat more soy protein, fresh vegetables and fruits rich in phytohormones, and drink more green tea. It is a good idea to take into account the fact that the number of people who have been in the market for a long time has increased. It is now believed that a diet rich in phytoestrogenic soy protein will reduce the incidence of the disease, and that a ratio of 10% to 20% of total dietary calories from fat is ideal. In addition, the antioxidants such as vitamin E and selenium in green tea, fresh vegetables and fruits can inhibit the occurrence of prostate cancer. 2. Change bad habits and exercise in moderation. Middle-aged and elderly men should maintain good habits, stop smoking and strengthen exercise. 3.Avoid contact with chemical carcinogens, heavy metals or radiation. 4, prevention and active treatment of viral infections and chronic infection of the prostate. 5.Sex life should be appropriate, and actively prevent and control sexually transmitted diseases.