There are still many controversies and confusions in the management of thyroid cancer and benign thyroid nodules between different units and specialties in China and abroad, so there are also differences in the treatment. This is due to the diversity and characteristics of thyroid tumors. For example, the most common thyroid papillary carcinoma is difficult to compare the advantages of various treatment methods, including diagnosis, scope of surgery, and postoperative adjuvant therapy, due to its unique and long natural course, which is close to “benign”, making the formulation of standardized treatment difficult. There are four common pathological classifications of thyroid cancer: papillary adenocarcinoma accounting for 60% to 80% of patients, follicular adenoma accounting for 10% to 27,8%, medullary carcinoma accounting for 3% to 10%, and non-differentiated carcinoma accounting for 3% to 8%. Overseas, it is a type of eosinophilic carcinoma, but in China, it is mostly classified as follicular adenocarcinoma. Because of the good prognosis of papillary and follicular carcinoma, they are also called differentiated thyroid carcinoma. In November 2005, a symposium on thyroid cancer was held jointly by two professional societies: otolaryngology, head and neck surgery, general surgery, head and neck surgery, endocrinology, diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy. After a lot of retrospective analysis and practice at home and abroad, there is a convergence on the following issues, which can be used as the basis of standardized treatment. 1. For benign thyroid nodules, local excision or enucleation is advocated, striving to preserve the normal gland and avoiding total thyroidectomy, especially in adolescent patients. 2. Partial resection or enucleation should not be done for thyroid cancer, because the proportion of residual tumor is high, at least lobectomy and isthmus should be performed. 3. Advocating routine dissection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve intraoperatively can reduce the injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and reduce medical disputes. Intraoperative frozen section diagnosis is advocated to guide the determination of surgical approach. If the diagnosis is tumor, the central region (paratracheoesophageal) lymph nodes should be routinely explored or removed. For low-risk patients, if the enlarged lymph nodes are not palpated during clinical examination and operation, only the central region should be cleared. For high-risk patients, if the enlarged lymph nodes are palpated during clinical examination and operation, biopsy can be excised, and those with positive results can be cleared functionally. Ultrasound examination is of great value in determining the nature of thyroid nodules and in follow-up after treatment. Experienced ultrasound diagnosis can more accurately identify the benign and malignant thyroid nodules and cervical lymph nodes. For differentiated thyroid cancer with localized invasion, we should still strive to preserve important organs, such as larynx and trachea, and not to sacrifice the function of organs by forcing complete surgery. 7. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and radioactive particle implantation are not effective for differentiated carcinoma and medullary carcinoma, and are only applicable to trace residual tumors at important organs and blood vessels. 8.For malignant thyroid tumor, postoperative hormone replacement is necessary to suppress the level of thyrotropin to prevent recurrence. It is recommended to take thyroxine after thyroid cancer surgery to control TSH below the normal low boundary and above zero value, and monitor TSH level for life. 9. For the high-risk age group (over 40 years old for men and over 50 years old for women), if the local lesion is late, the metastasis in the neck is extensive, or the tumor is poorly differentiated, aggressive surgery (including total thyroidectomy) and postoperative isotope therapy should be adopted. To achieve standardized treatment of thyroid tumors, active efforts and cooperation from all parties are needed. In addition to tumors, thyroid surgery also involves systemic metabolic diseases such as hyperthyroidism. General surgery has advantages in understanding and dealing with systemic pathology and physiology, while otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgeons have advantages in dealing with important local organs such as larynx, trachea, esophagus and laryngeal nerve. We should promote complementary learning and competition among disciplines, with the principle of patient-centeredness and respect for the patient’s right to choose, so that treatment can be standardized and provide maximum benefit to patients.