Anatomy and Physiological Functions: The thyroid gland is located in the middle of the front of the neck and consists of 2 conical lateral lobes, which are anchored by fibrous tissues above the trachea and on both sides of the thyroid cartilage, and therefore move up and down with the trachea when swallowing. There are many important nerves and blood vessels around the thyroid gland, among which the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which manages the movement of the vocal folds, will lead to hoarseness if destroyed. The thyroid gland has many important physiological functions, and its secretion of thyroid hormones can promote the body’s metabolism, and disorders in the secretion of thyroid hormones may induce thyroid disorders. Overview: Thyroid tumor is a common tumor in the head and neck region, which is more common in females. Symptoms include a mass in the middle of the front of the neck, which moves with swallowing, and hoarseness and dysphagia and dyspnea in some patients. There are many types of thyroid tumors, benign and malignant. Generally speaking, a single lump with faster growth has a higher possibility of malignancy, and the younger the age, the higher the possibility of malignancy of thyroid lumps. Due to obvious symptoms, patients are usually able to consult the doctor in time. Laboratory examination: thyroid function (TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4, TSH, etc.) is used to determine whether the patient has combined with hyperthyroidism; serum procalcitonin is used to diagnose medullary carcinoma of thyroid with specificity; thyroglobulin has certain significance in diagnosing or determining postoperative recurrence. 2.Thyroid ultrasound: to distinguish the relationship between the mass and thyroid gland, and to identify whether the mass is solid or cystic. 3.Thyroid nuclear scanning: to understand the location and function of thyroid nodules. 4.Fine needle aspiration cytology: to clarify the pathological diagnosis of thyroid nodule before operation, the accuracy rate is up to 95%. 5.Thyroid CT: it can clearly show the location of the tumor and its relationship with important organs, and also help to determine the benign and malignant. Benign thyroid tumor: multiple nodular goiter: related to iodine deficiency, puberty, pregnancy, etc., accounting for about 1/3 of thyroid diseases. clinical manifestation is diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland. The enlarged thyroid gland can compress the trachea, esophagus, laryngeal nerve and other symptoms, and malignant changes can occur in a few cases. Surgery is needed for those with symptoms of compression and malignant changes, and thyroxine tablets are routinely taken after surgery. Thyroid adenoma: It is the most common disease of thyroid gland, accounting for 60% of thyroid tumors. It may be related to the chronic stimulation of thyrotropin by radiation exposure. Tumor growth is slow, patients often unintentionally found lumps, tumors suddenly increase in size, local pain, mostly due to adenoma bleeding. Surgical resection is effective. Thyroid cancer: Thyroid cancer is malignant tumor of thyroid gland, and there are four pathological classifications, with different symptoms and treatments. Papillary thyroid cancer: it is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for 60%-89%, and is more common in females, with fibrous tissue wrapped inside the tumor cells and low malignancy. Due to its slow growth, it is easy to be overlooked clinically, and most of them are found within 2 years and come to the doctor with a neck lump, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by fine needle aspiration for biopsy or rapid sectioning in surgery. Treatment is mainly surgical, with special emphasis on the first treatment, which, in layman’s terms, means a clean cut the first time. This includes removal of the thyroid gland and clearance of the lymph nodes in the neck. The prognosis of this disease is good, and the 10-year survival rate reaches 90%. Thyroid follicular carcinoma: accounting for 10.6%～15% of thyroid cancer, compared with papillary carcinoma, it is more common in male, with longer course, manifested as multiple lumps in thyroid and neck, and grows slower, but it is easy to be metastasized through blood, and the treatment is mainly based on surgery, and the prognosis is poorer than that of papillary carcinoma of thyroid. Medullary thyroid cancer: accounting for 3-10% of thyroid cancer, clinically divided into disseminated type and hereditary type, with hereditary type accounting for 10-20%. Due to the secretion of endocrine hormone by the tumor, it can produce lowering of blood calcium, persistent diarrhea, facial flushing, palpitation and so on. Treatment is mainly based on surgery, with most or all of the thyroid gland removed, and distant metastatic lesions can be treated with radionuclide. Undifferentiated carcinoma of thyroid: less common, but with high malignant degree and rapid development, patients mainly come to the clinic with hissing and dyspnea, there is no satisfactory treatment yet, but surgery can remove the whole thyroid with better effect, but most of the patients come to the clinic with locally advanced stage, which is difficult to be removed, and can be assisted with radiotherapy. Treatment of thyroid cancer: The treatment principle of thyroid tumor is mainly based on surgery, regardless of the pathological type, as long as there are indications, surgery should be performed as far as possible. The effect of surgery varies according to the pathologic classification, but the overall effect is good and the quality of life of patients is high. Other adjuvant treatments include nuclide therapy, radiation therapy, endocrine therapy, etc. Advantages of Head and Neck Surgery in the treatment of thyroid tumors: Thyroid surgery is a traditional procedure in surgery, however, with the change in the scope of specialization and the further development of the discipline. Thyroid diseases have been categorized under the research and treatment scope of otolaryngology head and neck surgery. Otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgeons have their own advantages in thyroid surgery, firstly, they are more familiar with the anatomy of the neck, especially the anatomical knowledge of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is more comprehensive, which can effectively avoid recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Secondly, otorhinolaryngology-head and neck surgeons have more advantages for head and neck tumors accumulating multiple regions and organs, such as thyroid malignant tumors encroaching on the larynx, pharyngeal cavity, or cervical esophagus, or hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers encroaching on the thyroid gland, especially in the preservation of laryngeal phonation, respiration and other functions, which has a unique advantage.