What do you mean by craniofacial injury?
Violence to the head caused by the injury is called cranio-cerebral injury, including scalp injury, skull injury and brain injury. Among them, brain injury has serious consequences and should be especially vigilant. It is often caused by traffic accidents, work-related injuries and fights and brawls.
What are the common clinical manifestations of craniocerebral injury?
1, headache is the most common symptom of craniocerebral injury, headache after craniocerebral trauma, a few are caused by intracranial factors, most are caused by extracranial factors. The main intracranial factors are: subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage and elevated intracranial pressure, etc. Extracranial factors mainly include: scalp injury or scar formation at the wound, persistent contraction of neck muscles, vascularity and functionalities, etc.
2, consciousness disorder is a common symptom of brain injury, which can reflect the degree of brain injury. Coma is the most serious disorder of consciousness, that is, complete loss of consciousness. According to the degree of loss of consciousness can be divided into shallow coma, moderate coma and deep coma.
(1) shallow coma: partial loss of consciousness, no voluntary movement, no response to sound or light stimuli, avoidance response to painful stimuli and painful expressions, but unable to answer questions or perform simple commands; corneal reflex, pupil-to-light reflex, cough reflex, swallowing reflex and tendon reflex have no obvious changes.
(2) Moderate coma: avoidance response to strong painful stimuli, reduced superficial and deep reflexes, Babinski’s sign may be present.
(3) Deep coma: complete loss of consciousness, no response to strong painful stimuli, both superficial and deep reflexes disappear, Babinski’s sign persists, and vital signs are often changed.
3, vomiting (vomiting) is a complex reflex action of gastric contents flowing backwards out of the mouth through the cardia. Vomiting after brain injury is often unaccompanied by nausea and is mostly jet-like.
4, dizziness and vertigo (dizziness and vertigo) dizziness and vertigo are different, the former is a sense of blackness, head heavy, often disappear when the eyes are closed. The latter is the patient’s feeling that the surrounding scenery is rotating in a certain direction or that he or she is spinning around in the sky. The main causes of vertigo caused by cranial injury are: central vestibular nucleus and its central connection, vestibular nerve, inner ear or brainstem injury.
5.Aphasia (aphasia) is an impairment in the expression or understanding of language. It is caused by damage to the cortex and areas specifically related to language function. Depending on the location of brain damage, aphasia can be expressed in different clinical types: motor aphasia, sensory aphasia, etc.
6.Paralysis is the weakening or loss of muscle motor function. The muscle strength is weakened for mild or incomplete paralysis, and the muscle strength is lost for total paralysis. It is often caused by damage to the cerebral cortex or the cone bundle, and can be manifested as hemiplegia, monoplegia, quadriplegia or paraplegia.
In addition, memory loss, insomnia and dreaminess, tinnitus and deafness, loss of vision, sensory abnormalities and mental disorders are also frequent symptoms after craniocerebral injury.
What are the first aid measures at the scene of craniocerebral injury?
The key to the effectiveness of first aid for patients with craniocerebral injury lies in the ability of first responders to perform correct and timely on-site resuscitation. First responders should quickly and concisely understand the time, place, cause and process of the patient’s injury, immediately after the rapid and careful examination of the head and the whole body, and immediately after the comprehensive medical history and preliminary examination to make a judgment of the condition, then start on-site first aid. The focus of on-site first aid is on respiratory and circulatory support, timely correction of post-injury apnea and maintenance of blood pressure stability.
The order of on-site first aid is.
1.Keeping the airway open.
2.Stopping active external bleeding.
3.Maintain effective circulatory function.
4.Cleaning of local wounds: preventing re-contamination of wounds, preventing infection and reducing bleeding.
5.Prevent and deal with brain herniation.