Thyroid nodules are a common clinical condition that is screened by palpation with a prevalence of about 5% in the general population and up to 30%-37% with high-resolution ultrasound. Thyroid nodules are lumps of tissue with abnormalities in the internal hardness and structure of the thyroid gland, and most patients have no obvious symptoms, but are often detected during physical examinations or by accidental palpation. Thyroid nodules can be classified as hyperplasia, cyst, adenoma, cystic adenoma, etc. depending on the nature of the nodule. The diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules is based on the patient’s family history, medical history, physical signs, thyroid imaging, laboratory tests and thyroid puncture biopsy cytopathology (FNAC). Ultrasound-guided FNAC can be the “gold standard” for diagnosis. Benign nodules account for the majority (95%) of thyroid nodules, with cystic lesions accounting for 25% and thyroid cancer for less than 5%. Many patients undergo unnecessary surgical treatment due to a lack of awareness of the nature of the disease among patients and clinicians. Currently, the best option for non-surgical treatment of thyroid nodules is ultrasound-guided laser ablation therapy.