I. Definition 1. The incidence has been increasing in the last 15 years in the Western world, 1/250. 2. Hypospadias is the result of incomplete masculinization of the genital nodes. 3, Assessment of mild to severe indicators: abnormalities and position of the external urethral opening, degree of ventral hypospadias, prepuce accumulation on the dorsal side, etc. The latter two are not essential features. 4.Related with genes, hormones, placenta, growth factors, and environmental factors. II. About surgery 1. More than 250 surgical methods are reported in the literature, most of them are beneficial in history, and only 4-6 techniques are commonly used at present. 2, time of surgery: 6 months old. Reason: to spend the postnatal instability period, greater physiological reserve, easy braking, and help postoperative care and healing. 3.Surgical tools: magnifying glass, fine absorbable thread, surgical skills associated with good tissue protection and microscopic principles, microscopic instruments. 3. Post-operative management 1. Tube care: 6-7# soft silicone tubes, left in place for 7-10 days and removed on an outpatient basis. 2.Dressing replacement: rely on the doctor and place for 7-10 days. 3.Double diaper use: reduce fecal contamination of the tube. 4.Management of bladder spasm: Oxybutynin is available and can be relieved after removal of the tube. IV. Complications 1.Unsatisfactory appearance. 2.Urinary fistula 3.Urethral stricture 4.Urethral retraction 5.Persistent painful erection 6.Long-term psychological implication: few relevant studies, spermatogenesis is not affected, unless accompanied by cryptorchidism. V. CONCLUSIONS 1. Increasing incidence of hypospadias 2. Most cases are mild 3. Surgical repair is performed at 6 months of life 4. Modern surgical techniques/equipment can improve aesthetic and functional outcomes 5. Severe hypospadias is extremely challenging for cosmetic and functional repair.