Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the common chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, which refers to the kidney damage caused by diabetes mellitus itself, clinically marked by the presence of persistent proteinuria as the main hallmark. In developed countries and regions such as Europe and the United States, DN has become the primary cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), with 44% of newly diagnosed ESRD patients in the United States having DN in 1997; in Hong Kong and Taiwan, DN accounts for more than 20% of ESRD; with economic development and longer life expectancy, the prevalence of DN in China’s inland areas is increasing dramatically and has become the second leading cause of ESRD cause (after primary glomerulonephritis), accounting for approximately, and the proportion will increase with the westernization of lifestyle. The incidence of DN in diabetic patients is about 34.7%, second only to cardiovascular diseases. DN poses a threat to the health and life of patients and a huge economic burden to society and families, but it can be prevented and treated at an early stage. DN has the following clinical features: (1) chronic progressive natural course: the course of the disease extends for years, decades or longer; (2) insidious onset: no symptoms at an early stage, and can only be detected by urine and other ancillary tests. The best time for early intervention is easily lost because renal pathological changes can only be detected through urine and other ancillary examinations; (3) poor prognosis: once early DN develops to the point of clinical symptoms, it cannot be reversed and eventually progresses to ESRD and must rely on renal replacement therapy to maintain life. Therefore, early prevention and treatment can receive twice the result with half the effort. The early diagnosis of DN must rely on laboratory tests. Routine urine examination is a mandatory initial screening test. If urine protein is qualitatively negative, urine microalbumin should be further examined. If the UAE is less than 20µg/min, it is normal albuminuria; if the UAE is between 20 and 200µg/min, it is microalbuminuria, which is the clinical diagnosis of early DN. Clinical DN is diagnosed when UAE is consistently >200µg/min or routine 24h urine protein quantification >0.5g. For early detection and diagnosis of DN, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends annual screening for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics and annual screening for type 1 diabetes 5 years after diagnosis. The main goal of prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy is to prevent the occurrence and progression of DN, with emphasis on prevention. There is no specific method for treatment, and currently a comprehensive approach is taken to control risk factors that may lead to progression of the disease. This includes the following aspects: control of hyperglycemia, which is the initiating factor for various pathological changes in DN. Intensive glycemic control can delay the onset of microalbuminuria and slow the progression of microalbuminuria to clinical proteinuria in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The necessity of insulin use is not emphasized in the choice of medication. The selection of glucose-lowering drugs in clinical practice should be based on the patient’s complications, age and other factors to consider the type of drug selected, the dose and the target value of intensive glycemic control. In order to prevent the occurrence of microproteinuria as much as possible, it is recommended that glycemic control should be intensified as early as possible so that glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)