Vertebral maple compression fractures are a common type of thoracolumbar spine fracture and were previously treated conservatively. Compression fractures of the thoracolumbar spine caused by fall and sitting injuries or bumps and bruises in a car are mostly seen in the elderly population with osteoporosis. Traditional treatment methods such as bed rest and brace fixation are prone to serious consequences due to the restriction of activities and the progression of osteoporosis and complications such as pulmonary infections and decubitus ulcers; open surgery is limited by the inability of osteoporotic bone to provide effective fixation and the inability of elderly patients to tolerate it. The posterior vertebral verticuloplasty (PVP) technique is performed by injecting bone cement after percutaneous puncture of the diseased vertebrae. The bone cement is distributed along the trabeculae to the defective area of the vertebral body and cures rapidly, resulting in a significant increase in the compressive strength and compression stiffness of the vertebral body, effectively preventing the occurrence of vertebral collapse and re-fracture, and achieving stability and pain relief. As a minimally invasive interventional treatment method, PVP technology has been developed in recent years. The early PVP technique suffered from the obvious deficiency of poor repositioning of the compressed vertebral body, and now it can be used to correct the posterior convexity deformity by restoring the height of the compressed vertebral body through balloon-expanded kyphoplasty (PKP). The indications for PVP treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are now considered to be: simple fresh compression fractures of the thoracolumbar segment of the spine without spinal cord or nerve root injury; severe kyphotic deformity of old spinal compression fractures with intractable pain due to the fracture; and multi-segment compression fractures of the upper and lower adjacent vertebrae secondary to osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.