Penile cancer refers to malignant tumors of penile head, inner foreskin plate, tether and coronal sulcus. Penile cancer used to be a common malignant tumor of male genitourinary system in China, but in recent years, with the improvement of health conditions, the incidence rate has been decreasing significantly. The disease occurs in 30~60 years old and accounts for about 1.5% of male malignant tumors. The most common sites are head of penis, inner plate of foreskin, ligament and coronary sulcus, etc. It rarely occurs in the stem of penis or under the foreskin. Penile cancer is divided into three types, namely papillary type, infiltrative type and ulcerative type, among which 90% are squamous carcinoma. Risk factors The occurrence of penile cancer is related to the following factors: 1. Circumcision and prepuce cause accumulation of foreskin scale. The long-term stimulation of prepuce not only causes local inflammation and epithelial hyperplasia, but also certain chemicals in these prepuce have carcinogenic effects. It has been reported that 90% of penile cancer patients have a history of prepuce and prepuce. 2. Certain STDs, such as venereal sarcoidosis, giant condyloma acuminatum or mycotic epithelioma-like glansitis, herpes simplex type II virus, etc., may be related to the occurrence of penile cancer. Syphilis, on the other hand, can reduce the body’s resistance to carcinogenic substances in the penis. Some data show that the age of onset of this disease is 10 years earlier in those with a history of STD than in those who are negative. 3.Ultraviolet radiation is also considered to be a predisposing factor of penile squamous carcinoma. Abnormal manifestations Erythematous papules, eczema warts, blisters and ulcers, lumps, etc. are often seen on glans or inner plate of foreskin in the early stage of penile cancer, with itching discomfort, burning and pain. The tumor invades the urethra, causing pressure and deformation to the urethral orifice, resulting in urethral pain and difficulty in urination. In late stage, there may be enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. Cauliflower-like lumps with foul-smelling discharge may appear in the penis, or the penis may break down into rotten flesh. The metastasis route of penile cancer is mainly through lymphatic tract. Prevention and rehabilitation 1. Early circumcision for circumcised penis and long foreskin is important to prevent the occurrence of penile cancer. It is best to complete it before school age to remove cancer-causing factors as early as possible. 2. Eliminate the stimulation of foreskin scale: cultivate good hygiene habits since childhood, pay attention to personal hygiene, flip the foreskin to clean it frequently, and keep the head of penis clean and hygienic. 3.Men over 30 years old should pay attention to self-examination and seek medical consultation in time when abnormalities are found. Elderly people should be alert to the possibility of penile cancer if they have frequent itching and tingling at the inner plate of foreskin and glans, and local ulcers or nodules that do not heal over time. 5.Purify oneself and prevent viral infection in the genital tract. 6.Treat precancerous lesions, such as keratosis pilaris, mucous membrane leukoplakia, proliferative erythema and giant condyloma acuminata as early as possible. 7.When there is some need for UV whole body irradiation, care should be taken to shield the perineum to prevent inducing penile cancer. 8.Patients with penile cancer should clean the wound with saline daily during treatment to reduce infection. 9.Patients should engage in moderate outdoor activities to enhance physical fitness and improve resistance to diseases. 10.Patients who cannot get up should prevent the occurrence of pressure sores, put air cushions on the easily pressurized parts, and turn over and massage frequently. 11.Sexual intercourse should be avoided during and for a certain period after treatment. 12.After the treatment of penile cancer, the local condition and whether there are increasing lymph nodes in the groin should be paid attention to frequently and reviewed regularly. Prognosis The cure rate of early stage penile cancer can reach 80% after comprehensive treatment, and the 5-year survival rate of those with regional lymph node metastasis in late stage is 20%~30%.