Glioma is a general term for a large group of primary brain tumors including low-grade and high-grade, limited and diffuse growth patterns, and in the WHO pathologic classification, includes a variety of pathologic types and grades such as astrocytic and oligodendrocytic. Since glioma includes so many types of tumors, the biological behavior of each type of tumor is very different, which means that the treatment for each specific type of glioma is different. Overall, however, to achieve the best possible outcome, gliomas are treated with a combination of multiple treatment modalities, primarily surgery. Surgery is the key to glioma treatment. Only through surgery can we obtain tumor pathology and ultimately diagnose a specific type of glioma, and only when the pathology has confirmed the type and grade of glioma and its molecular characteristics can we target the subsequent precise treatment. Surgery not only provides a definitive diagnosis of glioma, but also provides relief from focal neurological symptoms and increased intracranial pressure caused by tumor compression, improves the patient’s quality of life, and buys a valuable window of time for subsequent treatment. Many of the current emerging therapeutic modalities also require surgically obtained tumor specimens, such as immunotherapies that use tumor specimens to prepare tumor vaccines and therapeutic modalities that use tumor PDX models to predict tumor drug sensitivity. Gliomas that are completely resected by surgery, such as hairy cell astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, can be closely monitored and do not necessarily require other adjuvant therapies. However, if the tumor is not completely removed, there is a high possibility that the residual glioma will continue to grow, or even if the tumor is cleaned up under the microscope, the tumor is a high grade glioma with high malignancy and may easily recur after surgery. In order to kill the residual tumor cells and slow down the growth of the residual tumor as well as the recurrence of the tumor, adjuvant radiotherapy or radiotherapy is needed after surgery to control the tumor growth for as long as possible. For glioblastoma, which is the most malignant tumor, the emerging tumor electric field therapy is a rare advancement in the field of glioma in recent years. There are also a variety of emerging glioma treatments such as tumor immunotherapy that are still on the path of discovery. Although glioma is a comprehensive treatment modality based on surgery, the best treatment strategy after surgery is influenced by a number of factors, including the extent of surgical resection, the pathological grading and molecular characteristics of the glioma, the patient’s age and physical condition, etc., to develop the best treatment plan.