Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a surgical technique for the treatment of kidney stones and upper ureteral stones. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, also known as “hole extraction”, involves making a small skin incision in the lumbar back, using a thin puncture needle to enter the kidney directly through the incision and, through dilation, suggesting a surgical channel for the placement of a A nephroscope is used to break up the stone and remove it using ultrasound, ballistic lithotripter or laser. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is an important part of urological surgery and has revolutionized the traditional open surgical approach to surgical treatment in the treatment of upper kidney stones and upper ureteral stones, together with ureteroscopic techniques and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, as the main modern treatment methods. Through comprehensive treatment methods such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopic lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, laser lithotripsy technology, more than 90% of kidney stones can be exempted from open surgery What are the indications for percutaneous nephrolithotripsy: kidney and upper ureteral stones are indications for percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. 1, kidney stones larger than 2 cm, especially those in the lower renal calyces; 2, complex kidney stones, symptomatic diverticular stones in the renal calyces, stones in the intrarenal type with combined pelvic stenosis; 3, cystine stones, calcium oxalate monohydrate stones for which extracorporeal lithotripsy is ineffective. 4.Ureteral stenosis in the upper part or connection. 5.Take foreign bodies from the renal pelvis and upper ureter. Advantages of percutaneous nephrolithotomy High surgical safety, short hospitalization time, large scope of surgical indications, the application of ureteroscope can reach almost all renal calyces, so that the stone removal rate can be improved, reaching more than 95%. Moreover, there is a slight trauma. Less bleeding and fewer complications reduce the trauma to a minimum.