Varicocele is a common disease in young and middle-aged men and a common cause of male infertility, with an incidence of about 10%-15%. The incidence is predominantly on the left side, accounting for more than 70% of cases. Diagnosis and treatment of varicocele has an extremely important role in improving the condition and quality of life of male infertility patients. Typology of varicocele: varicocele is generally divided into primary and secondary according to the factors of its onset. Primary varicocele, also known as idiopathic varicocele, has an unclear etiology and is commonly seen in young and strong men. Secondary varicocele is caused by the compression of the spermatic veins on the way of venous blood return, which mostly occurs over 35 years old. The anatomical reasons for the formation of primary varicocele: The spermatic veins are formed by the confluence of the veins of the testes, epididymis and vas deferens, and these veins form a trapezoidal plexus in the spermatic cord, which merges upward into the inguinal canal to form several internal spermatic veins and external spermatic veins. In about 60% of people, the internal spermatic veins merge at the internal ring and travel up the retroperitoneal space, entering the inferior vena cava at an oblique angle on the right and the left at a right angle into the left renal vein. Because the left spermatic vein is longer, the left side of the left spermatic vein is at a right angle into the renal vein, and after the vein passes through the sigmoid colon, the vein is compressed by the intestinal tube, plus the vein lacks a venous valve, and there is no muscle pressure around it, so the reflux of the left spermatic vein is blocked, and when standing, a considerable section of the blood column pressure acts downward on the tracheal vein plexus, which makes the varicose veins expand and thicken, that is, varicocele. This is the reason why varicocele occurs more in young and strong people. In addition, prolonged standing and increased abdominal pressure are also predisposing factors. Diagnosis of varicocele: The typical symptoms of varicocele should be: swollen blood vessels like earthworms can be felt or seen in the scrotum, swelling or pain in the scrotum or testicles on the affected side, the scrotum and testicles on the affected side are lower than the healthy side when standing, and dilated and tortuous veins can be seen on the surface of the scrotum. The symptoms are more obvious when standing for a long time or when the abdomen is strained, and can be reduced or disappeared by lying down. Some patients are found to have varicocele only after examination by physicians because of the decrease in semen indicators such as oligospermia, sperm inactivity, deformed sperm and fertility impairment. Careful palpation of the trabecular plexus in the standing position is an important diagnostic method. The prolonged varicocele can also cause atrophy of the affected testis. The degree of varicocele can be classified into 3 levels based on palpation. Grade 1 (mild): the varicose trabecular plexus can only be palpated during bulging movements; Grade 2 (moderate): the varicose mass can be clearly palpated; Grade 3 (severe): the thickened varicose mass can be clearly seen. The diagnosis of 3rd degree varicocele is easier, while the diagnosis of milder varicocele is more difficult. Moreover, it is more difficult to confirm the diagnosis after surgery, when there is a combination of hydrocele or when the testicle is positioned in the upper part of the scrotum. Ultrasonography can be used to help with the diagnosis in this case. At present, the generally accepted ultrasound diagnostic criteria for varicocele are: 1. The maximum internal diameter of the spermatic vein is ≥1.8 mm during calm breathing and ≥2.0 mm during Valsava test; 2. The Valsava test is positive, that is, the color ultrasound Doppler detects reflux signal and the duration is >1 second. Those who meet the above criteria at the same time are diagnosed with varicocele. Because color ultrasound Doppler is non-invasive, simple and reproducible, it has a greater diagnostic value for varicocele and has become the first choice of auxiliary examination. Treatment of varicocele: Mild varicocele can be treated with scrotal support, cold compresses or medications such as mazelite. There are 2 main indications for surgical correction of varicocele: pain and infertility. Varicocele pain occurs in 2-10% of patients and is often localized as dull, throbbing, sharp or pulling pain, exacerbated by force or movement. These patients are usually treated with palliative care for 4 to 8 weeks, including elevation of the scrotum and restriction of exercise. However, most patients do not achieve sustained effectiveness. Infertility is another major indication for varicocele surgery, with approximately 40% of infertile men having varicocele. For patients with severe varicocele or with decreased semen quality, surgery is the primary treatment. Therefore, general practitioners should actively persuade patients with these surgical indications to undergo surgery and make timely referrals to higher hospitals.