Primary hepatocellular carcinoma is highly malignant, and only about 30% of cases can be surgically resected, and the tumor recurrence rate after surgery is also high. Interventional treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, namely transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), has achieved good results and is unparalleled by other treatments, and has been recognized as the first choice of non-surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. It has been recognized as the first choice of non-surgical treatment for liver cancer. The survival rate of small hepatocellular carcinoma can reach about 50% in 5 years after surgery. However, most hepatocellular carcinomas are already in advanced stage when diagnosed, so the surgical resection rate is low and the postoperative recurrence rate is high. It is an established fact that conventional chemotherapy is ineffective in the treatment of liver cancer, and even the latest phase II study of the molecularly targeted drug sorafenib for liver cancer showed that the median survival of treatment was only 9.2 months. In contrast, according to Takayasu et al. in a long-term follow-up of 8510 patients, the survival rates at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years for TACE treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma that had been surgically unresectable were 82%, 47%, 26%, and 16%, respectively, with a median survival time of 34 months. The overall survival rate of patients is influenced by TNM stage, liver function, AFP and other indicators. For patients with TNM stage I and grade A liver function, a five-year survival rate of 52% can be achieved, which is similar to the effect of surgical resection. The theoretical basis of hepatocellular carcinoma intervention is based on the fact that 95%-99% of the blood supply of hepatocellular carcinoma comes from the hepatic artery, while the blood supply of normal liver tissue is 70%-75% from the portal vein and only 25%-30% from the hepatic artery. Based on this, Doyon et al. first proposed the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by transcatheter hepatic artery embolization in 1974. In the mid-1980s, it was found that iodine oil could significantly improve the effect of interventional treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. On the one hand, it blocks the blood supply to the tumor, and on the other hand, the chemotherapeutic drugs are released slowly to strike the tumor continuously, causing ischemic necrosis and inducing apoptosis of liver tumor cells. The systemic toxic side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs are reduced. The interventional operation of hepatocellular carcinoma must be performed under DSA angiography machine. Firstly, the catheter should be placed at the beginning of common hepatic artery for imaging, and the image acquisition should include arterial phase, parenchymal phase and venous phase. And consider whether additional angiograms of right or left hepatic artery, left gastric artery, inferior phrenic artery, superior mesenteric artery, etc. are needed as appropriate. After careful analysis of the angiographic image performance and clarification of tumor site, size, number and blood supplying arteries, the right hepatic artery (catheter should cross the gallbladder artery) and left hepatic artery should be selected for perfusion chemotherapy, respectively. The chemotherapeutic drug should be diluted to 150-200 ml and slowly injected into the target vessel. Most primary hepatocellular carcinomas are hepatocellular hepatocellular carcinomas, which have thickened blood supply arteries and abundant tumor vessels, and should be given chemoembolization. It is advocated to use microcatheter to insert the target artery branch adjacent to the tumor super-selectively, and then use super-liquid iodized oil and chemotherapeutic drugs to mix into an emulsion and slowly inject into the target vessel through the catheter. The amount of iodized oil should be considered according to the size of tumor, blood supply, presence of portal vein cancer thrombus, liver and kidney function, patient’s general condition, etc. The amount of iodine oil should be considered according to the size of the tumor, blood supply, the presence of portal vein cancer thrombus, liver and kidney function, and the patient’s systemic condition, and should be limited to lO-20 ml under fluoroscopy, usually not more than 3O ml. However, complete occlusion of the intrinsic hepatic artery should not be performed to facilitate re-TACE treatment. The dose of drugs and the degree of embolization during interventional therapy should not be uniform. Different interventional regimens should be individualized according to the type and size of the liver tumor, the presence of portal vein cancer embolism, the degree of cirrhosis, liver function, age and systemic condition. The interval of interventional treatment depends on the follow-up, usually about 50 d each time, 3-4 times as a course of treatment. However, in principle, it should be at least 3 weeks from the recovery after the last intervention. If there is dense iodine oil deposition in the liver tumor lesion on imaging, and there is no new lesion or new progression of tumor tissue necrosis, then interventional treatment should not be performed for the time being. We often see patients who have survived for more than 3 years and have received only l or 2 interventions. Indications for TACE treatment Hepatocellular carcinoma intervention can result in high drug concentration in the tumor area; combined with the use of embolic agents to block the blood supply to the tumor, it can lead to ischemic necrosis and apoptosis. However, the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on liver and kidney functions, gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow should not be neglected. Whether patients have indications for interventional therapy should be considered comprehensively according to their clinical manifestations, imaging examinations and laboratory test results. Interventional procedures done without indications for interventional therapy are harmful, aggravating, and even accelerating the patient’s death. Indications: (1) Application before liver tumor resection can shrink the tumor and facilitate resection, and at the same time can clarify the number of lesions and control metastasis; (2) Intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma that cannot be surgically resected, without severe liver and kidney dysfunction, without complete obstruction of portal vein trunk, tumor occupancy rate 51tanol/L, AI >120U (depending on tumor size)], hypocoagulation, etc. Large amount of ascites or severe cirrhosis, liver function of Child C; (2) portal hypertension with reverse blood flow and complete obstruction of portal trunk with little formation of collateral vessels; (3) infection, such as liver abscess; (4) cancer occupying 70% or more of the whole liver (if liver function is basically normal, a small amount of iodine oil can be used for embolization in stages); (5) leukocyte.