It is common for thyroid nodules to be caused by abnormal growth of thyroid tissue. The size of the nodule is only one indicator of the treatment plan for thyroid nodules, but it should be combined with the nature of the nodule and the degree of benignity or malignancy. If it is a small cystic nodule, it is still a benign lesion and should not be treated. If it is a small cystic nodule or a solid nodule, the nature of the nodule should be determined by ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland, based on the size, shape, internal structure, softness and hardness of the nodule and adhesion of the surrounding tissue. For nodules considered malignant, local puncture is required. For nodules smaller than 1 cm, direct surgical excision can be considered, and pathological tests are performed during surgery, and for benign nodules, surgery is over. For malignant nodules, in addition to removal of the affected thyroid gland, clearance of nearby lymph node tissues needs to be done to cut off the metastatic pathway and to ensure the quality of life of the patient as much as possible. In conclusion, the treatment of thyroid nodules, regardless of the size of the nodule, must be studied in the context of the patient’s actual condition for later treatment options.