Thyroid nodules can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic factors, improper diet, improper intake of thyroid medications, and inflammation. Thyroid nodules are only one of the common forms of thyroid disorders that can be easily detected by self-examination. There are several types of thyroid disorders that produce nodules: nodular goiter, thyroid (cystic) adenoma, hyperthyroidism, inflammatory thyroid lesions, and thyroid cancer. The main clinical manifestation of nodular goiter is diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland in middle-aged women, and multiple nodules of different sizes can be found on palpation. 2. Hyperthyroidism can be primary or secondary to nodular goiter, with symptoms such as panic attacks, weight loss, emotional irritability, diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland, and elevated thyroid hormones in the blood on thyroid function tests. The former is mainly caused by viral infection of subacute thyroiditis, subthyroiditis is clinically accompanied by fever and localized pain in the thyroid gland in addition to thyroid nodules, the nodules are tough; the latter is mainly caused by autoimmune thyroiditis, mostly seen in middle-aged and young women, the patients have fewer conscious symptoms, multiple or single nodules can be found during the examination The latter is mainly caused by autoimmune thyroiditis. Cystic adenoma is a benign tumor of the thyroid gland, mostly solitary, with degenerative changes on the basis of adenoma and cyst formation, containing blood or slightly mixed liquid, with clear border and hard texture. 5.Thyroid cancer is manifested as thyroid nodules with hard texture, often with local infiltration and pressure symptoms, such as hoarseness. Clinical examination includes the following: serological thyroid function test; ultrasound diagnosis, which is very meaningful for differentiating benign and malignant tumors, determining the size and location of nodules, and guiding localized puncture; fine needle aspiration cytology, which has an accuracy rate of 70% to 90% and is especially meaningful for small nodules under 12.5px with high suspicion of malignancy; other examinations, such as nuclear, X-ray, CT, etc. etc. The general principle is that for nodules considered benign on imaging or clinical examination, especially diffuse nodular goiter, surgery should be considered with caution, with clinical observation as the main focus and regular review; for benign masses with large masses and local pressure symptoms, surgery can be considered; for nodules considered malignant on imaging or clinical examination, surgery should be performed in a timely manner; for nodules that are difficult to distinguish between benign and malignant, surgery is feasible. For nodules that are difficult to distinguish between benign and malignant, puncture examination or close observation of changes in the condition is feasible.