I. Urine specimen collection In order to ensure the accuracy of the results of the fastidious fluid examination, the specimen must be properly retained. Collection container requirements: ① clean, dry, single-use, with a large opening to facilitate collection; ② avoid contamination of vaginal secretions, menstrual blood, feces, etc.; ③ no interference with chemical substances (such as surfactants, disinfectants) mixed in; ④ clearly marked such as the patient’s name, medical record number, collection date, etc., and must be pasted on the container; ⑤ can collect nodding enough urine, at least 12ml, preferably more than 50ml If you collect timed urine, the container should be large enough and covered, with preservative if necessary; ⑥If culture is needed it should be collected under aseptic conditions, with sterile containers for mid-stage urine. The following specimens are often used according to the purpose of the examination: 1. Morning urine, the first urine specimen after waking up in the morning, is a more concentrated and acidified specimen, blood cells, epithelial cells and tubular forms and other organic components are relatively concentrated and well preserved, and also easy to compare. It is suitable for dynamic observation of suspected or known urinary tract diseases and early pregnancy tests. However, the morning urine is prone to change due to the long residence time in the bladder. Therefore, some people recommend replacing morning urine with a second urine specimen in the early morning.2. Random urine (random urine), i.e., urine retained at any time, is suitable for outpatients and emergency patients. This method of urine retention is convenient, but susceptible to diet, exercise, medication, etc., can lead to concentration or pathological critical concentration of substances and formed fraction missed detection, may also appear dietary diabetes or drugs such as vitamin C interference. 3, postprandial urine is usually collected from patients 2 hours after lunch, this specimen is more sensitive to the detection of pathological diabetes and protein quiet fast activity, because the postprandial increased load, so that has lowered the threshold of the kidney cannot be tolerated. In addition, the postprandial hepatic secretion is strong, which promotes the enterohepatic circulation of urobilinogen, and the alkaline tide state that occurs in the body after the meal also facilitates the excretion of fastidious bilinogen. Therefore, postprandial rapture is suitable for the examination of urine sugar, urine protein, and urinary bilirubinogen.4.3h urine: collect the urine for 3 hours in the morning to determine the urine formed fraction, such as the rate of leukocyte excretion.5.12h urine: after emptying the evening bladder at 8 pm and discarding the urine this time, retain the nocturnal urine until 8 am the next day as a 12-hour urine formed fraction count, such as Addis count.6.24h urine: some of the urine Solutes (creatinine, total protein, sugar, urea, electrolytes and hormones, etc.) are excreted in different concentrations at different times of the day, so for accurate quantification, 24-hour urine must be collected. Empty the bladder at 8:00 a.m. on the first day, spasm away this urine, and then collect all the urine until 8:00 a.m. on the next day for the quantification of chemical fraction.7. Others include mid-stage urine, catheterization, suprapubic cystocentesis urine, etc. The latter two methods are not used as much as possible to avoid secondary infection. The types of urine specimens collected, items analyzed, reasons for application and attention are shown in the following table. Third, urine specimens preservation and post-examination treatment of urine general examination should be carried out quickly after receipt of the specimen. If you need to preserve the hall to use: 1, refrigerated at 4 degrees Celsius urine refrigerated at 4 degrees Celsius can prevent general bacterial growth and maintain a more constant weak acidity. However, some specimens refrigerated, due to the precipitation and precipitation of phosphate straight and urate, hindering the observation of formed fraction. 2, adding chemical preservatives most preservatives are used to inhibit bacterial growth and maintain acidity, commonly used are the following: (1) formaldehyde (formalin 400g / L): 5ml per liter of urine added for urinary tubular type, cellular preservative, but note that formaldehyde in excess can be produced with urea precipitates, interfering with microscopic examination. (2) Toluene: 5ml per liter of urine is added for quantitative examination of urine sugar and urine protein. (3) muscimol: less than 1g per liter of urine can inhibit the growth of bacteria, but also can be better preserved in the urine formed fraction, can be used for chemical composition examination and antisepsis, but such as excess can make urine protein qualitative test heating acetic acid method of false positives, there is interference with the examination of urine bile pigment. (4) concentrated hydrochloric acid: 10ml per liter of urine is added for the quantitative determination of urinary 17 ketones, 17 hydroxysteroids, catecholamines, etc.