Liver ultrasonography and AFP test can only be used as preliminary screening for primary liver cancer, and there are strict rules for confirming the diagnosis of liver cancer: Pathological diagnostic criteria: 1. Biopsy (ultrasound or CT-guided liver puncture biopsy) or surgical excision of tissue specimens from occupying liver lesions or extrahepatic metastases, diagnosed as HCC by pathological histological and/or cytological examination, which is the gold standard. 2. Clinical diagnostic criteria: Among all solid tumors, only HCC can be diagnosed by clinical diagnostic criteria, which are recognized domestically and abroad as non-invasive, simple, convenient and operable, and are generally considered to depend mainly on three major factors, namely, chronic liver disease background, imaging findings and serum AFP level; however, the understanding and specific requirements of the academic community vary and often change, and there are errors in practical application. Therefore, taking into account China’s national situation, previous domestic standards and clinical practice, experts propose that a strict grasp and joint analysis is appropriate, requiring that the clinical diagnosis of HCC can be established when both (1)+(2)a or (1)+(2)b+(3) of the following conditions are met: (1) having cirrhosis and HBV and/or HCV infection (HBV and/or HCV antigen-positive) (2) typical imaging features of HCC: simultaneous multi-row CT scan and/or dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI demonstrating rapid inhomogeneous vascular enhancement of the hepatic occupancy in the arterial phase with rapid elution in the venous or delayed phase. (1) HCC can be diagnosed if the diameter of liver occupancy is ≥2 cm and one of the two imaging examinations of CT and MRI shows that the liver occupancy has the characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma mentioned above; (2) If the diameter of liver occupancy is 1-2 cm, both imaging examinations of CT and MRI are required to show that the liver occupancy has the characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma mentioned above in order to strengthen the specificity of diagnosis. (3) Serum AFP ≥ 400 μg/L for 1 month or ≥ 200 μg/L for 2 months, and other causes of elevated AFP can be excluded, including pregnancy, germline embryonic-derived tumors, active liver disease and secondary liver cancer. Pathological diagnostic criteria and clinical diagnostic criteria are applied to the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, but pathological diagnosis, especially ultrasound or CT-guided liver aspiration biopsy, has certain surgical complications such as bleeding, infection, implantation metastasis of needle tract, etc. Nowadays, clinical diagnosis is increasingly preferred, but pathological diagnosis must be taken for more difficult clinical diagnosis.