Early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma is still an important link to improve therapeutic efficacy. Early hepatectomy is the most effective radical means of hepatocellular carcinoma treatment at present. Early hepatocellular carcinoma is mostly small hepatocellular carcinoma, which can be resected in one stage, and radical resection should be performed in time. Currently, radical resection refers to the following: the number of tumors does not exceed 2; there is no cancer thrombus in the main trunk of portal vein and its first grade branches, the common hepatic duct and its first grade branches, the main trunk of hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava; there is no metastasis inside or outside of the liver; there is complete resection of the tumor with no residual cancer in the margins of the tumor; there is no residual tumor in postoperative imaging; and the preoperative positivity of AFP decreases to normal within 2 months after operation. Most of our hepatocellular carcinoma patients are accompanied by cirrhosis. Irregular local radical resection of liver tumor can maximally preserve normal liver tissues, which is conducive to postoperative recovery, thus significantly improving the resection rate of hepatocellular carcinoma and reducing the surgical mortality rate, and its long-term therapeutic efficacy is also similar to that of regular resection. At present, the indications of surgical palliative resection have been expanded, and the hepatic resection treatment for liver cancer limited with intraportal vein or bile duct thrombus or combined with severe portal hypertension still needs to continue to accumulate experience. For hepatocellular carcinoma with large tumors and multiple nodules, the peritoneum is often incomplete and there are intrahepatic dissemination and intraportal vein thrombus, which makes it difficult to remove the tumor completely by palliative resection, and the stimulation of hepatic resection may accelerate the dissemination and metastasis of the residual cancer, so non-resectable palliative surgical treatment or non-surgical treatment (with hepatic arterial chemoembolization as the preferred option) can be used. In order to reduce the recurrence after resection, the principle of tumor-free operation should be emphasized to reduce the spread of medical origin, and every effort should be made to ensure the sufficient amount of margins, and the tumor and cancer embolus should be completely removed. After radical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma, all patients should undergo regular review and adopt comprehensive interventional therapy to remove residual cancer or prevent recurrence, which is an important means to improve the efficacy of hepatocellular carcinoma. For patients with palliative resection, postoperative anti-tumor treatment should be timely and active to control the growth of tumor and further prolong the survival time of patients with tumor. For patients who cannot be resected, it is appropriate to actively adopt comprehensive treatment with various therapeutic methods, in order to obtain second-stage resection after tumor shrinkage or to improve the quality of life and prolong life. For liver cancer that recurs after resection, those who have the condition should actively strive for re-surgical resection, while patients with deeper lesions, multiple occurrence and poor liver function can adopt non-surgical treatment. Liver transplantation is mainly applicable to patients with small liver cancer combined with severe cirrhosis, and recent data suggest that its long-term efficacy is better than that of hepatectomy. However, patients with venous cancer thrombus, intrahepatic dissemination or extrahepatic organ metastasis should be listed as contraindication. In China, the indications for liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma have been further expanded on the basis of internationally recognized Milan criteria and UCSF criteria, and multiple selection criteria have been proposed, which have yet to be agreed upon on the basis of evidence-based medicine. The purpose of minimally invasive or non-invasive treatment of liver cancer is to eliminate the tumor effectively and protect the function of the body, and reduce the trauma to the body as much as possible. At present, minimally invasive treatment of liver cancer mainly refers to non-surgical local ablation therapy under image guidance (intratumor injection, radiofrequency ablation, microwave curing, laser thermotherapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound, argon-helium knife cryotherapy, etc.). It is mainly applicable to patients with tumor diameter less than 5cm, lesions generally not more than 3, tumors located in the vicinity of large blood vessels in the hilar region, poor general condition or recurrence after resection who cannot tolerate surgery. Among them, anhydrous ethanol injection (PEI) has been widely used in the clinic, which is suitable for patients whose tumors are located near the large blood vessels in the porta hepatis, whose systemic condition is poor or whose recurrence after resection cannot tolerate surgery. However, it should be noted that the fibrous septum affects the uniform diffusion after injection, and the treatment is not easy to be complete. Radiofrequency ablation therapy (RFA) and microwave curing therapy can improve the therapeutic efficacy of small hepatocellular carcinoma without portal vein thrombus or extrahepatic metastasis by expanding the ablation range through comprehensive methods, and can also be applied jointly with hepatic artery embolization to treat large hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the treatment of tumors close to the gallbladder, diaphragm or around large blood vessels should be cautious. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous intratumoral injection or ablation therapy is safe and has mild side effects. For liver cancers with a diameter of less than 3cm, the number of foci <3, and no portal vein thrombus or extrahepatic metastasis, the rate of complete necrosis of the tumor can reach more than 90%, and its efficacy is close to that of surgical resection, and its damage to the patients is much lower than that of surgical treatment. Hepatic artery chemoembolization Hepatic artery chemoembolization (TACE) is mainly applied to unresectable middle and advanced liver cancer, especially those with right lobe as the main lesion or multiple lesions, or those who cannot be surgically resected due to postoperative recurrence. For liver cancer that cannot be radically resected after several times of TACE treatment, if the tumor shrinks significantly, and although most of it has been necrotic, there may still be cancer cells surviving, timely surgical resection should be actively pursued, so that the patient can have the chance of radical treatment. TACE after radical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma can further remove the possible residual hepatocellular carcinoma cells in the liver and reduce the recurrence rate at the peak of recurrence. However, TACE has limited efficacy against disseminated satellite foci and portal vein thrombus, and it is more difficult to control distant metastasis of the foci and cannot block the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. In order to achieve long-term prevention and treatment, it needs to be applied in combination with other treatments, with a view to fully mobilizing the biological anti-tumor mechanism of the organism after hepatic cancer resection, destroying the residual tumor cells, and further blocking the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. For cases with residual cancer after palliative resection or recurrence after radical resection that cannot be resected again, TACE is still one of the preferred treatment methods. Radiotherapy After the mid-1990s, the technologies of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated conformal radiotherapy have gradually matured, providing new opportunities for the application of radiotherapy in liver cancer treatment. For limited tumors (mainly located in the right liver) with good general condition and normal liver function, some cases can be treated radically. For those with large tumors or metastases, there is some palliative efficacy. It can be used to alleviate the symptoms of the more serious patients, such as obstructive jaundice caused by tumor or bile duct compression in the hepatoportal area, severe pain caused by bone metastasis, and so on. Currently, radiotherapy for liver cancer is applicable to: 1, single lesion that cannot be surgically resected; 2, residual lesions after surgery; 3, complications requiring local treatment (jaundice and ascites caused by obstruction), and the large split treatment dose is used for such patients with clinical symptoms that need short-term relief. Hepatocellular carcinoma with cancer embolism, lymph node metastasis, adrenal gland metastasis, bone metastasis. Radiation liver injury is the main obstacle to radiotherapy, and the main triggers include heavy underlying liver lesions (ChildB or C grade), excessive irradiation volume of normal liver tissue, and excessive dose. Prevention is the key, and the irradiation dose is limited to the tolerance range. At the same time, it should be noted that immunosuppression caused by radiation damage may promote tumor dissemination. V. Traditional Chinese medicine treatment It is generally believed that traditional Chinese medicine is mainly applicable to the adjuvant treatment of liver cancer, which may help to reduce the toxicity of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, improve the symptoms related to cancer, stabilize the condition, improve the quality of life and prolong the survival. When combining Chinese and Western medicines, attention should be paid to the overall balance of attack and complement, and different treatment rules should be adopted according to different conditions of liver cancer patients. There are also clinical reports of tumor shrinkage or even disappearance after applying TCM treatment, but they are mostly individual cases. China's SFDA once approved a series of modern Chinese medicinal preparations for the treatment of liver cancer, but the biggest problems are the lack of evidence-based medical evidence, poor standardization, and lack of reproducibility. A large-scale multicenter randomized controlled study of PLC treated with traditional Chinese medicine is currently underway, which is expected to obtain more valuable results. Targeted therapy Clinical studies have shown that recently developed gefitinib, erlotinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, bevacizumab, etc. are aimed at different molecular targets to inhibit the proliferation and angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and have certain efficacy. The therapeutic effect of sorafenib on hepatocellular carcinoma has been particularly remarkable in recent years. In 2007, the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) successively approved sorafenib for the treatment of non-surgically resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. The 2008 edition of NCCN officially recommended sorafenib as the first-line treatment for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, China's Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) also formally approved sorafenib for the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma or distant metastasis.