Factors of malnutrition 1. Inadequate intake: ① Stimulation of toxins from uremia itself, low gastrointestinal function, and inadequate dialysis. ② Absorption of glucose in the abdominal dialysis fluid into the blood of dialysis patients, reducing appetite. ③A sense of abdominal fullness after the abdominal dialysis fluid enters the abdominal cavity. ④Adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting caused by the hemodialysis process, and protein loss of different degrees during dialysis can also cause malnutrition. ⑤ Adverse reactions caused by certain drugs. 2.Concomitant infectious diseases: further depletion of protein and fat in the body, which worsens the nutritional status, metabolism and hormonal disorders in the body. 3, the disease itself is often accompanied by carbohydrate, protein, fat metabolism disorders and endocrine disorders. In order to certain treatment needs, there is often excessive nutritional control, poor structure of nutrients, excessive loss, insufficient absorption of nutrients, etc. The dietary principles are as follows: Take in enough protein and calories: the protein intake is 1.2 to 1.4g/(kg・day). This is the amount of protein intake that can adequately dialysis patients, of which 50% should be high quality protein, optional foods such as: eggs, milk, lean meat, fish, etc. Be careful not to use soy products and hard fruit foods. Other parts of the diet can be carbohydrates and some staple food groups. Super standard protein is not allowed to be consumed and may cause long term complications. Calories are supplied 125 to 146 kJ/kg (30 to 35 cal/kg) daily. Restrict sodium intake: Patients with normal urine output may not restrict sodium intake. Patients with reduced urine output should restrict sodium intake, generally not more than 5g per day. Restrict potassium intake: Potassium intake may depend on the condition. The general daily intake is 2 to 2.5 g. Foods containing potassium, such as mushrooms, sea vegetables, beans, lotus seeds, cabbage, squash, bananas, oranges, peanuts, dried scallops, celery, pumpkin, high quality protein and animal organs should be used with caution to prevent the occurrence of hyperkalemia. The danger of high potassium is very serious and can endanger the life of the patient. Limit phosphorus intake: Limit phosphorus intake to 600 to 1200 mg daily. phosphorus is almost always present in food. The intake of foods rich in phosphorus, such as egg yolk, whole wheat pasta, animal offal, dried beans, hard fruits, milk powder, chocolate, sea rice, millet, green beans and soft drinks should be avoided and an appropriate amount of these foods should be controlled. Control fluid intake:Especially water, weight gain should be controlled to not more than 4% increase between every 2 dialysis sessions. The amount of water intake is generally 500ml increase in urine volume for the first 1 day is appropriate. To control the intake, first of all, we should achieve adequate dialysis, dialysis effect is good, thirst will be relatively weakened, restrict sodium diet, drink water at the appropriate temperature, should drink ice water or hot water, should not drink warm water, do not drink a lot of water continuously, drinking should contain a mouth full of water, a swallow, medical staff should be able to accurately calculate the amount of dehydration. Supplementation of various required vitamins: During dialysis, water-soluble vitamins are lost more and must be supplemented. Especially vitamin B complex, vitamin deficiency is mainly caused by insufficient intake, malabsorption, consumption or excessive loss.