With the increasing global industrialization and urbanization, the impact of environmental pollution on children’s health is becoming more and more serious. Lead is a toxic substance with multiple affinities to multiple systems of the organism, and lead poisoning can cause direct effects on the functions of multiple organs in growing children. A large number of studies at home and abroad have confirmed that lead has irreversible damage to children’s physical development, intelligence, learning ability, psychological behavior, immunity and so on. In China, the research on childhood lead poisoning is still in the initial stage, and the preliminary survey shows that the average blood lead level of children and the incidence of childhood lead poisoning are much higher than those in the United States and other western industrialized countries. Lead poisoning has become a major public health problem affecting children’s health in China, and reducing the impact of lead poisoning on children’s health has become an urgent problem for our government and medical workers. Lead poisoning in children is like an “invisible killer” that affects every system in the body. The effects of lead on children’s health are systemic and irreversible. It can lead to mental retardation, slow growth, hearing loss, and attention and behavioral problems. Therefore, it is especially important to prevent lead poisoning by conducting school and family-based health education to inform parents and children about the sources of lead in the environment and the dangers of lead, so as to draw the attention of parents and children and make them develop good living and hygiene habits. Widely promote the use of unleaded gasoline, followed by a complete ban on the use of leaded gasoline, replace it with green energy such as natural gas, and ban leaded paints and coatings. Actively strengthen the recycling and treatment of used batteries and accumulators to prevent their lead contamination of groundwater. It is recommended to use lead-free pigments for color decoration closely related to children’s life. Reasonable diet and nutrition, drinking more milk, eating more fruits, ensuring adequate intake of calcium, iron and zinc, consuming less products with high lead content, such as eggs and popcorn made by traditional methods, and supplementing vitamin E, vitamin C and B1 can achieve good preventive and therapeutic effects, which will help children’s blood lead level decrease.