1. Diuretics 1. Strong diuretic furosemide (tachyphylaxis) 1.1 Dosage: tablet, 20 mg; injection, 20 mg (2 ml). 1.2 Usage: oral 10~40 mg each time, 3 times a day, generally used for 3 days; intravenous injection 20~200 mg each time, depending on the efficacy and renal function. 1.3. Pharmacological effects: inhibit the reabsorption of c and chloride in the ascending medullary and cortical parts of the medullary collaterals of the renal tubules, thus increasing the excretion of sodium, potassium and water in the urine and producing diuretic effects. 1.4 Adverse effects: water and electrolyte disorders, gastrointestinal reactions such as nausea, vomiting, ototoxicity, hyperuricemia, occasional cardiac arrhythmias and rash, liver damage, etc. 1.5 Precautions: 1.5.1 Avoid combining with aminoglycoside antibiotics and ceftazidime to prevent ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. 1.5.2 The combination of this product and antihypertensive drugs can enhance the antihypertensive effect, but the dose should be reduced. 1.5.3 When electrolyte disorders occur, intermittent therapy should be used for 1~3 days and discontinued for 2~4 days, and routine potassium supplementation is recommended during the dosing period, which should be diluted and administered slowly. The electrolyte concentration in blood should be routinely checked. 1.5.4 For surgical patients, the drug should be discontinued 1 week before surgery because it can reduce the arterial response to elevated amine and increase the muscle relaxation and paralyzing effect of barrel-arrow toxin. Bumetanide (Lidl) 1.1 Dosage form, dosage: tablet, 1 mg; injection, 0.5 mg (2 ml). 1.2 Usage: Oral 0.5~1 mg each time, 1~3 times a day, usually for 3 days; intravenous 0.5~1 mg each time, depending on the efficacy and renal function. 1.3. Pharmacological effects: the same as furosemide, but the dose is 1/50 of it. 1.4 Adverse effects: lower than furosemide, but electrolytes should be checked regularly after large amount and long-term application. 1.5 Precautions: 1.5.1 When this product is used in combination with antihypertensive drugs to treat edema in hypertensive patients, the dose should be reduced. 1.5.2 This product should not be added to acidic solution in the static drip, it is easy to cause precipitation. 2. Medium-acting diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (dihydrochlorothiazide, dihydrochlorothiazide) 1.1 Dosage form, dosage: tablet, 25 mg. 1.2 Usage: 25-50 mg per dose orally, 1~3 times a day, usually used for 3 days. 1.3. Pharmacological effects: Inhibit the reabsorption of c and chloride in the cortical part of the ascending thick segment of the medullary collaterals of the renal tubules, thus increasing the excretion of sodium, potassium and water in the urine and producing diuretic effects, reducing blood volume after sodium diuresis, reducing the amount of blood returned to the heart, reducing cardiac output and causing a decrease in blood pressure, reducing calcium ions in the urine, and having anti-diuretic effects on patients with uremia. 1.4 Adverse reactions: hypokalemia, gastrointestinal reactions such as nausea, vomiting, ototoxicity, hyperuricemia, long-term use can cause an increase in blood sugar, diabetic patients should be used with caution. 1.5 Precautions: 1.5.1 Potassium excretion of this product can increase the toxicity of cardiac glycosides, so special attention should be paid to potassium supplementation when used with cardiac glycosides. 1.5.2 The combination of this product and propranolol can enhance the antihypertensive effect. 1.5.3 The combination of this product and potassium-protective diuretics can enhance the therapeutic effect and reduce potassium excretion. 1.5.4 The combination of this product and lithium salt can increase the blood concentration of lithium salt, so pay attention to reduce the dose of lithium salt when combined with the application. 3. Weak diuretic Antiseptic (spironolactone) 1.1 Dosage: tablet, 20 mg; capsule, 20 mg. 1.2 Usage: 20~40 mg orally each time, 3~4 times daily, after 5 days, if the effect is satisfactory, can continue to take, when combined with other drugs, the dose is reduced by half as appropriate; used for aldosteronism diagnosis 200 mg daily, generally used for more than 7 days, the judgment index It is the correction of hypokalemia and alkalemia. 1.3. Pharmacological effects: Competitive antagonism may occur at the aldosterone receptor sites in the renal distal tubule and collecting duct cells, resulting in a sodium-retaining effect opposite to that of aldosterone. It may increase sodium and chloride excretion and decrease potassium excretion in the urine. The intensity of diuretic effect of this product is related to the amount of aldosterone secretion in the body. 1.4 Adverse reactions: a few patients have stomach cramps, diarrhea, headache, sleepiness, occasionally and rash, male breast development and female hirsutism, endocrine disorders and other symptoms, after discontinuation of the drug can mostly recover. Long-term application in patients with renal insufficiency may cause hyperkalemia. 1.5 Precautions: 1.5.1 Hyperkalemia is obvious, or corrected by applying glucose and insulin. 1.5.2 The combination of this product with other diuretics or antihypertensive drugs may enhance the antihypertensive effect, and the dose should be reduced in lesser cases. 1.5.3 When used in combination with acetylsalicylic acid, it can inhibit the activity of spironolactone and reduce the effect. 1.5.4 Pregnant women and nursing mothers should use with caution, and potassium chloride should not be used at the same time. 1.1 Dosage: tablet, 50 mg. 1.2 Usage: 50~100 mg orally 3 times daily for 3~5 days. 1.3. Pharmacological effects: Directly inhibit the activity of sodium-potassium pump ATPase in the epithelium of the renal collecting duct, which reduces sodium reabsorption, thus reducing sodium-potassium exchange and potassium excretion, while exerting the diuretic effect of sodium excretion and potassium retention. 1.4 Adverse effects: Occasionally nausea, rash, drowsiness and other symptoms are seen, which can be recovered after stopping the drug. Long-term application of large amounts may cause hyperkalemia and increased secretion of aldosterone, and should be gradually discontinued. 1.5 Precautions: 1.5.1 Combined with thiazide potassium-removing diuretics, it can strengthen the diuretic effect and reduce the potassium-removing effect. The combination of this product and antihypertensive drugs can increase the efficacy of the additive. 1.5.2 When combined with digitalis toxins, it can increase its biotransformation and reduce its efficacy. 1.5.3 When combined with lithium salt, it can increase the blood concentration of lithium salt and cause poisoning, so it should be used with caution. 1.5.4 Pregnant and nursing women should use with caution; urinary shutdown, severe liver and kidney disease and hypersensitivity to this product are prohibited. Glucocorticoids 1. Prednisone (prednisone acetate, dehydrocortisone) 1.1 Dosage: tablet, 5 mg. 1.2 Usage: Adults 1 mg/kg body weight/day; children 1.5~2 mg/kg body weight/day, orally. 1.3. Pharmacological effects: This product has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, can inhibit the proliferation of connective tissue, reduce the permeability of capillary walls and cell membranes, reduce inflammatory exudation, and inhibit the formation and release of histamine and other toxic substances. This product can also promote the transformation of protein decomposition into sugar and reduce the utilization of glucose, thus increasing liver glycogen, and diabetes can appear in the urine. It also increases the secretion of gastric juice and enhances appetite. When severe poisoning infection, with a large number of antibacterial drugs, it can have good cooling, anti-toxic, anti-shock and promote the effect of symptom relief. 1.4 Adverse reactions: 1.4.1 Medically induced hyperadrenocorticism. 1.4.2 Inducing or aggravating infection and reducing the body’s defense ability. 1.4.3 Nausea, discomfort in the upper abdominal region, or even induce or aggravate peptic ulcer disease, causing bleeding or perforation. 1.4.4 Long-term combination of large amounts can occur euphoria, agitation and insomnia, individual can induce psychotic tendencies, children can cause convulsions; epileptic patients can induce seizures. 1.4.5 The first trimester of pregnancy may cause malformation, etc. The massive application of glucocorticoids in the second trimester may inhibit the fetal hypothalamus-pituitary gland, causing adrenal cortex atrophy and producing adrenocortical insufficiency after birth. 1.4.6 Long-term application of glucocorticoids may cause adrenal cortical atrophy and insufficiency, and sudden discontinuation of the drug may lead to severe adrenal cortical crisis. 1.5 Precautions: 1.5.1 Avoid long-term use in supraphysiological doses. 1.5.2 Combination of powerful antibiotics is required in case of infection. 1.5.3 Use with caution in ulcerated patients. 1.5.4 Use with caution or do not use in patients with psychotic tendencies, psychiatric patients and epileptic patients. 1.5.5 Vaccines are not recommended during the application of glucocorticoids. 1.5.6 Long-term application discontinuation must be gradually reduced to prevent discontinuation reactions. 1.5.7 The salt corticosteroid activity of this product is very weak, so it is not suitable for use in primary adrenocortical insufficiency. 1.5.8 It is not used in general surgical patients and is contraindicated in herpes simplex or ulcerative keratitis. 2. Methylprednisolone (methylprednisolone) 1.1 Dosage: Injection, 20 mg (1 ml); 500 mg (1 ml). 1.2 Usage: Adults 0.5~1 g/day, three days as a course of treatment, if necessary a week later can repeat a course of treatment. 1.3. Pharmacological effects: The basic effect of this product is the same as prednisone, with stronger anti-inflammatory effect and weak effect on sodium retention. 1.4 Adverse effects: Same as prednisone. 1.5 Precautions: Same as prednisone, but the negative effects are more dramatic.